北极北冰洋潮汐动力空间分布及其潮波传播特征分析

李高晋; 罗哲蕙; 蔡华阳; 李博; 曹永港; 欧素英

北极北冰洋潮汐动力空间分布及其潮波传播特征分析

李高晋^{1, 2, 3, 4,},
罗哲蕙^{1, 2, 3, 4},
蔡华阳^{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ,},
李博^{1, 2, 3, 4},
曹永港^{6, 7},
欧素英^{1, 2, 3, 4}

1.
中山大学海洋工程与技术学院河口海岸研究所，广东广州 510275
2.
河口水利技术国家地方联合工程实验室，广东广州 510275
3.
广东省海岸与岛礁工程技术研究中心，广东广州 510275
4.
南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室（珠海），广东珠海 519000
5.
极地环境立体观测与应用教育部重点实验室，广东珠海 519082
6.
自然资源部南海调查中心，广东广州 510300
7.
自然资源部海洋环境探测技术与应用重点实验室，广东广州 510300

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（52279080）。

详细信息

作者简介:
李高晋（2001—），男，广东省广州市人，主要从事物理海洋学和河口海岸动力学研究。Email：ligj27@mail2.sysu.edu.cn

通讯作者:
蔡华阳（1986—），男，教授，主要从事物理海洋学和河口海岸动力学研究。Email: caihy7@mail.sysu.edu.cn

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-10-25
- 修回日期: 2025-03-19
- 网络出版日期: 2025-04-24

Spatial distribution of Arctic tidal dynamics and analysis of tidal wave propagation characteristics

Li Gaojin^{1, 2, 3, 4
,},
Luo Zhehui^{1, 2, 3, 4},
Cai Huayang^{1, 2, 3, 4, 5
, ,},
Li Bo^{1, 2, 3, 4},
Cao Yonggang^{6, 7},
Ou Suying^{1, 2, 3, 4}

1.
Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Research/School of Marine Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
2.
State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Estuarine Hydraulic Technology, Guangzhou 510275, China
3.
Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Coasts, Islands and Reefs, Guangzhou 510275, China
4.
Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
5.
Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Observation of Polar Environment (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Zhuhai 519082, China
6.
South China Sea Marine Survey Center, Ministry of Natural Resources. Guangzhou 510300, China
7.
Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Survey Technology and Application, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China

摘要

摘要: 北极因其丰富的矿产能源、航道资源和独特的地缘政治格局，成为全球关注的战略要地，研究北极海域的潮汐动力特征是理解其环境格局与资源开发潜力的关键。本研究基于Arc5km2018北极潮汐模型和ArcTiCA潮汐数据集，采用海洋学统计方法对北极北冰洋海域的主要潮汐特征和潮波传播规律进行了分析。结果表明，北冰洋海域以半日潮为主，M₂分潮最显著，振幅可达1.2 m，中央海域振幅则较小（不超过0.1 m）。近岸和群岛区域受浅水分潮影响，潮不对称系数绝对值增大至0.2以上。由于复杂的地形和岸线，北冰洋存在多个逆时针旋转无潮点和多股潮波汇合形成的潮波辐合区，潮波主要由挪威海向巴伦支海、由格陵兰海分别向东西伯利亚海、楚科奇海和帕里群岛传播，传播速度一般不超过200 m/s且与水深的平方根正相关，振幅梯度绝对值一般不超过5×10⁻³ km⁻¹。本研究为北极地区的综合治理和资源开发提供了重要数据支撑。
- 调和常数 /
- 潮汐类型 /
- 潮波传播 /
- 潮不对称 /
- 传播速度
Abstract: The Arctic has become a global strategic focal point due to its rich mineral resources, navigational routes, and unique geopolitical landscape. Understanding the tidal dynamics in Arctic waters is key to assessing its environmental patterns and resource development potential. This study analyzes the primary tidal characteristics and tidal wave propagation in the Arctic Ocean using oceanographic statistical methods, based on the Arc5km2018 Arctic tidal model and the ArcTiCA tidal dataset. The results show that semi-diurnal tides dominate the region, with the M₂ tidal constituent being the most significant, reaching amplitudes of up to 1.2 m, while the central areas exhibit much smaller amplitudes (less than 0.1 m). In coastal and archipelago regions, shallow-water tides significantly influence tidal asymmetry, with the absolute value of the tidal asymmetry coefficient exceeding 0.2. Due to complex topography and coastlines, multiple counterclockwise amphidromic points and tidal convergence zones, formed by the confluence of various tidal waves, are present in the Arctic. Tidal waves primarily propagate from the Norwegian Sea into the Barents Sea, and from the Greenland Sea toward the East Siberian Sea, Chukchi Sea, and the Parry Archipelago, with propagation speeds generally not exceeding 200 m/s, and being positively correlated with the square root of water depth. The amplitude gradient is generally below 5 × 10⁻³ km⁻¹. This study provides critical data to support the integrated management and resource development of the Arctic region.
- harmonic constants /
- tidal types /
- tidal wave propagation /
- tidal asymmetry /
- propagation speed

HTML全文

图 1 北极北冰洋及主要边缘海、岛屿群及海湾

（图中红色圆圈为验潮站，蓝色标号为海域、海湾或海峡，黑色标号为海岛，橙色标号为海底地形：1-格陵兰海，2-挪威海，3-巴伦支海，4-喀拉海，5-拉普捷夫海，6-东西伯利亚海，7-楚科奇海，8-白令海峡，9-波弗特海，10-布西亚湾，11-史密斯海峡，12-巴芬湾，13-戴维斯海峡，14-丹麦海峡，15-白海，16-福克斯湾，17-冰岛，18-格陵兰岛，19-斯瓦尔巴群岛，20-新地岛，21-法兰士约瑟夫群岛，22-巴芬岛，23-艾尔斯米尔岛，24-北地群岛，25-伊丽莎白女王群岛，26-帕里群岛，27-安茹群岛（新西伯利亚群岛），28-拉布拉多海盆，29-南森海盆，30-南森海底山脉，31-欧亚海盆，32-马卡罗夫海盆，33-罗蒙诺索夫海岭，34-门捷列夫海岭，35-加拿大海盆）

Fig. 1 Arctic sea area and major marginal seas, island groups, and bays

(The red circle in the figure represents the tide gauge station, the blue label represents the sea area, bay or strait, the black label represents the islands, and the orange label represents the underwater terrain: 1-Greenland Sea, 2-Norwegian Sea, 3- Barents Sea, 4-Kara Sea, 5-Laptev Sea, 6-East Siberian Sea, 7-Chukchi Sea, 8-Bering Strait, 9-Beaufort Sea, 10-Busia Bay, 11-Smith Strait, 12-Baffin Bay, 13-Davis Strait, 14-Denmark Strait, 15-White Sea, 16-Fox Bay, 17-Iceland, 18-Greenland, 19-Svalbard Archipelago, 20-Novaya Zemlya, 21-Franz Josef Archipelago, 22-Baffin Island, 23-Els Mir Island, 24-Northern Land Islands, 25-Queen Elizabeth Islands, 26-Parry Islands, 27-Anjou Islands (Novosibirsk Islands), 28-Labrador Basin, 29-Nansen Basin, 30-Nansen Mountain Range, 31-Eurasian Basin, 32-Makarov Basin, 33-Lomonosov Ridge, 34-Mendeleev Ridge, 35-Canadian Basin)

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图 2 北冰洋海域四大分潮同潮图

（a：M₂分潮同潮图，b：S₂分潮同潮图，c：K₁分潮同潮图，d：O₁分潮同潮图）

Fig. 2 The cotidal charts of the four major tidal components in the Arctic Sea area

(a: the cotidal chart of M₂, b: the cotidal chart of S₂, c: the cotidal chart of K₁, d: the cotidal chart of O₁)

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图 3 Arc5km2018北极潮汐模型、TPXO系列模型和FES2014模型与ArcTiCA北极潮汐数据集站点率定验证比较

（a: M₂分潮振幅；b: M₂分潮相位；c: S₂分潮振幅；d: S₂分潮相位；e: K₁分潮振幅；f: K₁分潮相位；g: O₁分潮振幅；h: O₁分潮相位）

Fig. 3 Comparison of tidal properties between the Arc5km2018 Arctic Tidal Model, TPXO9, and FES2014 Model, and the ArcTiCA Arctic Tidal Dataset

(a: M₂ tidal amplitude; b: M₂ tidal phase; c: S₂ tidal amplitude; d: S₂ tidal phase; e: K₁ tidal amplitude; f: K₁ tidal phase; g: O₁ tidal amplitude; h: O₁ tidal phase)

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图 4 北冰洋海域潮汐类型空间分布

Fig. 4 Spatial distribution of tidal types in the Arctic sea area

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图 5 北极海区主要半日分潮的潮波传播路径（箭头指示方向表示传播路径）

（a：M₂分潮潮波传播路径，b：S₂分潮潮波传播路径）

Fig. 5 The propagation paths of the main semi-diurnal tides in the Arctic sea area (with directions indicated by the arrows)

(a: the propagation path of M₂, b: the propagation path of S₂)

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图 6 M₂分潮、S₂分潮沿传播路径传播速度的变化

（a～d分别为挪威海传向巴伦支海、格陵兰海传向东西伯利亚海、格陵兰海传向楚科奇海、格陵兰海传向帕里群岛的潮波传播速度）

Fig. 6 The variation of propagation speed along the propagation path of M₂ and S₂ tidal waves

(a~d are the propagation velocities of tidal waves from the Norwegian Sea to the Barents Sea, from the Greenland Sea to the East Siberian Sea, from the Greenland Sea to the Chukchi Sea, and from the Greenland Sea to the Parry Islands, respectively)

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图 7 M₂分潮、S₂分潮沿传播路径潮波振幅及振幅梯度的变化

（a、c分别为M₂分潮的振幅和振幅梯度，b、d分别为S₂分潮的振幅和振幅梯度）

Fig. 7 The variation of tidal wave amplitude and amplitude gradient along the propagation path of M₂ and S₂ tidal waves

(a and c represent the amplitude and amplitude gradient of the M₂ component, b and d represent the amplitude and amplitude gradient of the S2 component)

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图 8 北冰洋海域潮汐不对称空间分布特征

（a、b、c分别为M₂-M₄组合、M₂-S₂-MS₄组合、K₁-O₁-M₂组合的潮不对成系数β的空间分布，d为潮不对成主要贡献组合的空间分布，e为总潮汐偏度γ_N的空间分布）

Fig. 8 The spatial distribution characteristics of tidal asymmetry in the Arctic sea area

(a, b and c represent the spatial distribution of the tidal misalignment coefficient β for the M₂-M₄combination, M₂-S₂-MS₄ combination and K₁-O₁-M₂ combination, d represents the spatial distribution of the main contributing combination to tidal misalignment, and e represents the spatial distribution of the total tidal skewness γ_N in the Arctic Sea area)

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图 9 M₂分潮、S₂分潮传播速度的沿程变化与传播路径沿程的水深变化

（a～d分别为挪威海传向巴伦支海、格陵兰海传向东西伯利亚海、格陵兰海传向楚科奇海、格陵兰海传向帕里群岛的潮波传播速度和沿程水深变化）

Fig. 9 The variation of propagation speed of M₂ and S₂ and water depth along the propagation path

(a~d represent the tidal wave propagation speed and depth changes along the way from the Norwegian Sea to the Barents Sea, from the Greenland Sea to the East Siberian Sea, from the Greenland Sea to the Chukchi Sea, and from the Greenland Sea to the Parry Islands, respectively)

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表 1 Arc5km2018北极潮汐模型、TPXO系列模型和FES2014模型与ArcTiCA北极潮汐数据集站点数据的相关系数及均方根误差对比

Tab. 1 Comparison of correlation coefficients and root mean square errors between the Arc5km2018 Arctic Tide Model, TPXO9, and FES2014 Model, and ArcTiCA Arctic Tide Dataset site data

分潮	模型	振幅R²	振幅RMSE/m	相位R²	相位RMSE/°
M₂	Arc5km2018	0.99	0.064	0.98	24
	TPXO9	0.98	0.101	0.90	50
	FES2014	0.99	0.075	0.89	50
S₂	Arc5km2018	0.98	0.029	0.97	28
	TPXO9	0.99	0.029	0.81	67
	FES2014	0.99	0.026	0.90	48
K₁	Arc5km2018	0.96	0.043	0.95	34
	TPXO9	0.97	0.038	0.90	45
	FES2014	0.98	0.033	0.77	67
O₁	Arc5km2018	0.98	0.011	0.95	34
	TPXO9	0.96	0.017	0.63	83
	FES2014	0.99	0.010	0.60	79

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