台风“利奇马”对莱州湾水质变化的影响

杨子仪; 杨雪娜; 于晓霞; 梁生康; 宋德海

台风“利奇马”对莱州湾水质变化的影响

杨子仪^{1, 2, 3,},
杨雪娜^{2, 3},
于晓霞^{2, 3},
梁生康⁴,
宋德海^{1, 2, ,}

1.
中国海洋大学物理海洋教育部重点实验室山东青岛 266100
2.
山东省生态环境规划研究院生态环境部陆海统筹生态治理与系统调控重点实验室山东济南 250101
3.
中国海洋大学海洋与大气学院山东青岛 266100
4.
中国海洋大学海洋化学理论与工程技术教育部重点实验室山东青岛 266100

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（42476158）；山东省自然科学基金（ZR2019MD010）；泰山学者工程专项经费资助（tsqn202211056）。

详细信息

作者简介:
杨子仪（2000—），女，山东省济南市人，主要从事近海环流与物质输运研究。E-mail：zyyang@stu.ouc.edu.cn

通讯作者:
宋德海(1983—)，男，山东省青岛市人，教授，主要从事近海环流与物质输运研究。E-mail：songdh@ouc.edu.cn

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-04-14
- 修回日期: 2025-08-23
- 网络出版日期: 2025-09-05

The impact of Typhoon Lekima on water quality changes in Laizhou Bay

Yang Ziyi^{1, 2, 3
,},
Yang Xuena^{2, 3},
Yu Xiaoxia^{2, 3},
Liang Shengkang⁴,
Song Dehai^{1, 2
, ,}

1.
Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
2.
Key Laboratory of Land and Sea Ecological Governance and Systematic Regulation, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Shandong Academy for Environmental Planning, Jinan 250101, China
3.
College of Oceanic and Atmosphere Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
4.
Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China

摘要

摘要: 在全球变暖的背景下，台风的活动强度呈增加趋势，其伴随的强降雨和强风会在短时间内改变近海动力环境，引发强烈的生态响应。本文基于非结构化有限体积海洋模型（FVCOM）构建三维水动力−水质耦合模型，研究了台风“利奇马”（编号：1909）对莱州湾余流、盐度和水质变化及营养盐输运的影响，并通过敏感性实验量化了台风期间河流输入和风场对水质的贡献。结果表明，台风过境时，黄河口以南形成一支强西南沿岸流，海湾余流整体呈现西入东出的格局。强降雨过程导致环湾河流径流量和溶解态无机氮（DIN）入海通量急剧增加，黄河口和湾西南岸河口附近表层盐度骤降，DIN浓度升高。表层盐度于台风过境后2 d降至最低值25.91 PSU，较台风前下降1.57 PSU；表层DIN浓度于台风过境后8 d升至最高值0.61 mg/L，是台风前的1.51倍。湾口断面通量的计算结果显示，台风期间莱州湾与渤海的DIN交换经历了强入流和强出流两个阶段，共有1.88 kt DIN从莱州湾向渤海输运。其中，河流输入和风场对水质的贡献分别为70.15%和−18.47%，即河流输入是引发海湾水质剧烈变化的关键因素，而台风风场使余流向陆偏转，不利于DIN向渤海输运。本研究强调了台风在调控海湾水质变化中起到的关键作用，为沿海区域的可持续发展和生态环境保护提供科学支持。
- 台风“利奇马” /
- 莱州湾 /
- 营养盐输运 /
- 近海水质 /
- 数值模拟
Abstract: In the context of global warming, the intensity of typhoon activity has exhibited an increasing trend. Typhoons are typically associated with heavy rainfall and strong winds, which can result in significant alterations to the nearshore hydrodynamical environment over a short period, thereby triggering pronounced ecological responses. In this paper, a three-dimensional hydro-biogeochemical model was constructed based on the unstructured-grid, Finite Volume Community Ocean Model (FVCOM) to study the impact of Typhoon Lekima (No. 1909) on residual currents, salinity, water quality and nutrient transport in Laizhou Bay (LZB). Sensitivity experiments were conducted to quantify the contributions of river inputs and winds to water quality during the passage of Lekima. The results show that a strong southwest coastal current developed south of the Yellow River Estuary (YRE), and the pattern of residual currents in LZB was characterized by westward inflow and eastward outflow. The heavy rainfall led to a marked increase in freshwater and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) fluxes from the surrounding rivers into the bay. Consequently, the surface salinity near the YRE and the southwest coast of LZB decreased rapidly, while DIN concentrations increased. The surface salinity reached the minimum value of 25.91 PSU two days after the passage of Lekima, which was 1.57 PSU lower than pre-typhoon levels. Conversely, surface DIN concentrations peaked at 0.61 mg/L eight days after the passage of Lekima, approximately 1.51 times higher than pre-typhoon levels. Calculations of DIN fluxes through the bay mouth section revealed that the DIN exchange between LZB and the Bohai Sea (BS) occurred in two distinct phases: strong inflow and outflow during the passage of Lekima, with a total of 1.88 kt of DIN transported from LZB to the BS. The contributions of river inputs and winds to water quality were 70.15% and −18.47%, respectively. River input was identified as the primary factor of changes in water quality in LZB, while the direction of residual currents was landward due to the force of typhoon winds, which was adverse to the transport of DIN from LZB to the BS. This study underscores the crucial role of typhoons in regulating water quality changes in coastal bays and provides scientific support for sustainable development and ecological protection in coastal regions.
- Typhoon Lekima /
- Laizhou Bay /
- nutrient transport /
- coastal water quality /
- numerical simulation

HTML全文

图 1 台风“利奇马”路径及模型计算区域网格和水深（a）、渤海M₂分潮同潮图（b）、莱州湾网格和水深（c）

有色圆点表示每3小时台风中心位置和强度（tcdata.typhoon.org.cn）^[20-21]；黑色实线框为莱州湾区域；黑色等值线为迟角（https://www.tpxo.net/global/tpxo9-atlas）^[22]

Fig. 1 Typhoon Lekima track and grid and bathymetry in simulated region (a), cotidal chart of M₂ tide in the Bohai Sea (b), and grid and bathymetry in Laizhou Bay (c)

Colored dots indicate the location and intensity of the typhoon's three-hourly center (tcdata.typhoon.org.cn) ^[20-21]; black line boxes indicate the area in Laizhou Bay; black contour lines indicate the phase (https://www.tpxo.net/global/tpxo9-atlas)^[22]

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图 2 Case0和Case1中莱州湾沿岸主要河流及排污口的入海水量和DIN通量（a）、Case0和Case2中莱州湾每6小时区域平均风矢量（b）、S1、S2、S3、S4、S5站观测与模拟水位（c−g）、C1、C3、C4、C5、C6站观测与模拟流速（h−q）的时间序列，其中C1站小潮期间实测资料缺失

Fig. 2 Time series of river flow and DIN fluxes of major rivers and outlets in Laizhou Bay under Case0 and Case1 (a), six-hourly wind vectors averaged over region in Laizhou Bay under Case0 and Case2 (b), observed and simulated water levels at S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5 (c−g) and observed and simulated currents at C1, C3, C4, C5, and C6 (h−q). Note that data is missing during the neap tide at C1

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图 3 2019年夏季莱州湾实测和模拟温度（a−d）、盐度（e−h）、DIN（i−l）、DIP（m−p）的空间分布

黑色圆点表示观测站位

Fig. 3 Spatial distribution of observed and simulated temperature (a−d), salinity (e−h), DIN (i−l), and DIP (m−p) in Laizhou Bay in summer 2019

Black dots indicate the observed stations

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图 4 台风过境前后Case0中莱州湾表层余流空间分布

红色实线和红色五角星分别为“利奇马”路径和中心

Fig. 4 Spatial distribution of surface residual currents in Laizhou Bay under Case0 before and after Lekima

Red lines and pentagrams indicate the track and center of Lekima, respectively

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图 5 台风过境前后Case0中通过T1断面的余流垂向分布

正值（负值）表示流出（流入）海湾；距离为沿断面从西向东的积分

Fig. 5 Vertical distribution of residual currents through T1 section under Case0 before and after Lekima

Positive (negative) values denote outflow from (inflow to) Laizhou Bay; distances indicate the integral from west to east along T1 section

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图 6 台风过境前后Case0中莱州湾表层盐度分布

Fig. 6 Spatial distribution of surface salinity in Laizhou Bay under Case0 before and after Lekima

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图 7 Case0和Case3中无台风实验下莱州湾逐日表层平均盐度（a）及DIN浓度（b）的时间序列

Fig. 7 Time series of daily surface averaged salinity (a) and DIN concentrations (b) in Laizhou Bay under Case0 and Case3

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图 8 台风过境前后Case0中莱州湾表层DIN浓度空间分布

Fig. 8 Spatial distribution of surface DIN concentrations in Laizhou Bay under Case0 before and after Lekima

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图 9 台风过境前后各实验中莱州湾表层DIN浓度差空间分布

Fig. 9 Spatial distribution of surface DIN concentration differences in Laizhou Bay under the experiments before and after Lekima

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图 10 台风过境前后控各实验中通过T1断面的逐时DIN净通量的时间序列

红色圆点表示通过断面的时间

Fig. 10 Time series of hourly DIN net fluxes through T1 section under the experiments before and after Lekima

Red dots indicate the time of passage through T1 section

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表 1 数值实验设置

Tab. 1 Numerical experiments setup

实验名称	台风期间河流输入	台风风场
Case0（控制实验）	√	√
Case1（无河流输入实验）	×	√
Case2（无台风风场实验）	√	×
Case3（无台风实验）	×	×

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 观测与模拟变量结果之间的RMSE、CC、WSS比较

Tab. 2 Comparison of RMSE, CC, and WSS for the results of observed and simulated variables

变量	RMSE	CC	WSS
水位	0.27 m	0.88	0.94
东向流速u（大潮）	0.12 m·s⁻¹	0.94	0.97
北向流速v（大潮）	0.09 m·s⁻¹	0.91	0.95
东向流速u（小潮）	0.10 m·s⁻¹	0.92	0.95
北向流速v（小潮）	0.12 m·s⁻¹	0.79	0.87
温度	0.69℃	0.87	0.91
盐度	1.58 PSU	0.96	0.96
DIN	0.18 mg·L⁻¹	0.93	0.96
DIP	0.0041 mg·L⁻¹	0.68	0.78

下载: 导出CSV

表 3 各实验中通过T1断面的DIN通量及通量差

Tab. 3 DIN fluxes and DIN flux differences through T1 section under the experiments

实验名称	DIN通量（kt）	DIN通量差（kt）
Case0	1.88	−
Case1	1.40	0.48
Case2	2.01	−0.13
Case3	1.20	0.68

下载: 导出CSV

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