Research progress on coral skeleton fluorescence as an indicator of environmental changes
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摘要: 广泛分布于热带海域的块状滨珊瑚作为高分辨率环境变化记录的理想载体，在古气候和古环境重建领域受到广泛关注。珊瑚骨骼在长波紫外线照射下发出的荧光因对陆地径流、污染物和气候事件的敏感性，成为揭示与降雨和径流量等相关的多种环境变化信息的又一手段。本文综述了珊瑚骨骼荧光物质的形成机制、测量方法、在环境重建中的应用以及当前挑战和未来发展方向。总体而言，珊瑚骨骼中的荧光信号主要来源于以富啡酸为主的陆源输入腐殖酸类物质，以及共生藻类代谢产生的类腐殖质物质。珊瑚骨骼结构和矿物特性，以及降雨、径流等环境因子的交互作用也会影响珊瑚骨骼荧光。通过高精度微取样技术与荧光分析方法的结合，科学家们已成功重建了不同时间尺度的陆地径流、降雨、人类活动等环境变化历史。基于目前国际上的研究进展，本文建议未来研究应探索新型分析技术，结合多源数据建立更精确的荧光−水文定量模型，并且加强与其他代用指标的交叉验证以建立高精度、高分辨率的全球珊瑚荧光数据库。Abstract: Massive Porites corals, widely inhabiting in tropical oceans, are considered ideal archives for high-resolution environmental records and have garnered significant attention in the fields of paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental reconstruction. The fluorescence emitted by coral skeletons under long-wave ultraviolet (UV) light, due to its sensitivity to terrestrial runoff, pollutants, and climatic events, has emerged as an another tool for revealing various environmental changes related to rainfall, river discharge, and other factors. This review synthesizes the formation mechanisms of fluorescent substances in coral skeletons, measurement techniques, applications in environmental reconstruction, as well as current challenges and future research directions. Overall, the fluorescent signals in coral skeletons primarily originate from terrestrially derived organic matter dominated by fulvic acids and humic-like substances produced by symbiotic algal metabolism. Additionally, coral skeletal structure, mineral properties, and interactions with environmental factors such as rainfall and runoff influence fluorescence characteristics. By combining high-precision micro-sampling techniques with fluorescence analysis, scientists have successfully reconstructed environmental histories of terrestrial runoff, precipitation, and human activities across different timescales. Based on current international research progress, this paper suggests that future studies should explore novel analytical techniques, develop more accurate fluorescence-hydrological quantitative models by integrating multi-source data, and strengthen cross-validation with other proxy indicators to establish a high-precision, high-resolution global coral fluorescence database.
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Key words:
- coral skeleton /
- fluorescent bands /
- terrestrial fulvic acid /
- runoff /
- precipitation
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图 1 珊瑚骨骼荧光示意图
(a)可见光（上半部分）和紫外光（下半部分）扫描下的珊瑚岩芯剖面的数字图像示例。红色横截线代表测量绿色荧光强度的区域，1991年至2006年的峰值为原始数据的年周期。黑框显示的是1996年和1997年相对荧光强度的放大部分（右图）。在放大图像（红色）上创建了一个较小的单独横断面，以确定强度的细微波动[22]。(b)紫外光下珊瑚切片的数字增强照片表明荧光线的匹配模式[20]。(c)伯德金河的月流量与对应的珊瑚骨骼的荧光强度[16]
Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of coral skeleton fluorescence
(a) Example of digital images of a coral core section under visible light (upper panel) and UV light (lower panel). The red transect lines indicate the regions where green fluorescence intensity was measured, with peaks from 1991 to 2006 representing annual cycles in the raw data. The black box highlights a magnified view (right panel) of the relative luminescence intensity for 1996 and 1997. A smaller independent transect (red) was created on the zoomed-in image to resolve fine-scale intensity fluctuations[22]. (b) Digitally enhanced photograph of a coral slab under UV light, demonstrating the matching patterns of luminescent bands[20]. (c) Monthly discharge of the Burdekin River plotted against corresponding coral skeletal fluorescence intensity[16]
图 3 珊瑚骨骼荧光研究的主要区域
(a)大堡礁[19, 37, 51, 70]；(b)海南岛[55]；(c)台湾岛[36]；(d)爪哇岛[40]，马来半岛[32-33, 61]和马来西亚Sarawak[60]；(e)新几内亚岛[40]；(f)西奈半岛[21]；(g)阿拉伯半岛[39]；(h)莫纳岛[54, 57]；(i)佛罗里达半岛[40]。红色的圆点表示珊瑚样品采集地
Fig. 3 Major coral sampling sites for paleoenvironmental studies using luminescent bands and their luminescent factors
(a) Great Barrier Reef[19, 37, 51, 70]; (b) Hainan Island[55]; (c) Taiwan Island[36]; (d) Java Island[40], Malay Peninsula[32-33, 61], Sarawak in Malaysia[60]; (e) New Guinea Island[40]; (f) Sinai Peninsula[21]; (g) Arabian Peninsula[39]; (h) Mona Island[54, 57]; (i) Florida Peninsula[40]. The red dots indicate the collection sites of corals
图 4 1921—2011年期间大堡礁南部keppel群岛珊瑚G/B异常时间序列[51]
(a) 6个珊瑚岩芯的月分辨率G/B异常。(b)用于构建复合记录的岩芯数量。(c)复合G/B记录和器测记录的重大洪水事件。彩色虚线代表在距离河口最近的水文站Rockhampton记录到的单次最高洪水事件。不同颜色对应水位高度(单位：米)。阴影区域对应La Niña时期
Fig. 4 Time series of G/B anomalies for the period 1921–2011 at Kappel Islands, southern Great Barrier Reef[51]
(a) Monthly G/B anomalies for all six cores. (b) Number of cores used to construct the composite record. (c) Long term G/B composite record, with major flood events registered by instrumental records. Color dashed lines under the profile denote the highest individual flood events registered at Rockhampton, the nearest gauging station to the river mouth. Colors refer to gauge height in m. Shaded areas correspond to La Niña periods
图 5 珊瑚骨骼荧光记录伯德金河流量变化[75]
(a) 1648—2011年重建的伯德金河流量，以1648–2011年平均值为基准的距平值。深蓝色线为10年高斯滤波曲线。灰色水平线分别代表相对于全记录期的第90百分位、中位数和第10百分位。（b）不同流量范围及连续子时段内重建的伯德金河流量的频率分布百分比
Fig. 5 Coral skeletal luminescence records variations in Burdekin River discharge[75]
(a) Reconstructed Burdekin River flow as anomalies from 1648 to 2011 average, 1648–2011. Dark blue line is 10-year Gaussian filter. Horizontal grey lines are 90th percentile, median and 10th percentile relative to whole record length. (b) Percentage frequency distributions of reconstructed Burdekin. River flows for different flow ranges and successive subperiods
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