Vedde Ash-based marine reservoir age reconstruction of the mid-latitude Northwest Atlantic
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摘要: 海表碳库年龄对于海洋放射性碳年代校准和海洋环流重建等具有重要价值。爆炸性火山喷发产生的火山灰地层时标，能够建立海洋和陆地放射性碳定年样本的联系，帮助重建过去的海表碳库年龄。然而，冰筏漂流、生物扰动等因素增加了火山灰时标的复杂性，尤其是距离火山源较远位置的研究区域。本研究以中纬度北大西洋的一根高沉积速率岩心为例，分析了柱样中的火山灰丰度与地球化学成分，揭示了其与高纬北大西洋火山灰层I的对应关系。结合放射性碳定年以及北大西洋相关沉积岩心证据，我们系统评估了中高纬北大西洋Vedde火山灰等时线的可靠性，并推断出Vedde火山灰经由海冰向西北大西洋输运的传输模式。本研究的高分辨率火山灰丰度层序印证了生物扰动对远距离传输沉降的薄层火山灰在地层中分布的影响，进一步强调了海洋沉积记录中生物扰动校正的重要性。经生物扰动校正后，岩心区域新仙女木时期的海表碳库年龄估值为799±58年，与同时期亚极地北大西洋的海表碳库年龄呈现较好的一致性。我们的研究表明，在对火山灰时标的可靠性进行评估后，Vedde等源自高纬北大西洋的火山灰可在更大空间范围内得到应用。Abstract: Marine reservoirs ages are of great value for the calibration of marine radiocarbon dates and the reconstruction of ocean circulation. Tephras from explosive volcanic eruptions can link marine and terrestrial radiocarbon-dated samples, aiding in the reconstruction of past marine reservoir ages. However, factors such as bioturbation and ice-rafted debris increase the complexity of the tephra chronostratigraphy, especially in study areas located far from the source volcano. This study analyzes the abundance and geochemical composition of tephras in a high-deposition-rate core from the mid-latitude North Atlantic, demonstrating its correlation with North Atlantic Ash Zone I from higher latitudes. By combining radiocarbon dating results with evidence from other sediment cores in the North Atlantic, we systematically evaluated the reliability of the Vedde Ash isochron in the mid- to high-latitude North Atlantic and inferred a transport mechanism for the Vedde Ash via sea ice to the Northwest Atlantic. Our high-resolution tephra abundance stratigraphy confirms the effect of bioturbation on the distribution of thin tephra layers in sediment cores, further emphasizing the importance of bioturbation correction in marine sediment records. After bioturbation correction, the marine reservoir age estimated for the core region during the Younger Dryas is 758±58 14C yr, which is in good agreement with the marine reservoir age distribution in the subpolar North Atlantic during the same period. Our study shows that, after evaluating the reliability of the tephra chronostratigraphy, Vedde and other tephras from the high-latitude North Atlantic can be applied over a wider spatial range.
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Key words:
- marine reservoir age /
- tephra chronostratigraphy /
- North Atlantic /
- the Younger Dryas
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图 1 冰岛火山系统地图
扩展裂谷带中，虚线：主产拉斑岩岩浆；点线：主产碱性-过渡碱性岩浆
Fig. 1 Map of Icelandic Volcanic Systems
In the propagating rift, dashed line: dominantly tholeiitic magma; dotted line: dominantly alkalic/transitional magma.
图 2 本研究中沉积岩心与集成记录分布图。（a）本文所提及的相关岩心[1, 25, 30–33]、冰芯[22, 34, 35]及陆地沉积物[20, 21, 23, 36, 37]火山灰层位置。岩心KNR197-10 GGC36使用黄色突出显示，集成记录岩芯[16–19, 24, 25, 32, 38–42]用紫色显示。（b）西北大西洋海表环流示意图（寒流用蓝色标示，暖流用红色标示）。
Fig. 2 Map of the sediment cores and compiled records in this study. (a)The locations of the marine sediment cores[1, 25, 30–33], ice cores[22, 34, 35] and terrestrial sediment records with tephra layers relevant to this study, with GGC36 highlighted in yellow, and the compiled records[16–19, 24, 25, 32, 38–42] highlighted in purple. (b) Schematic representation of the modern North Atlantic surface circulation (blue: cold current, red: warm current).
图 3 岩心GGC36火山灰玻璃成分的TAS图及源区鉴别双元素图解。（a）TAS图解[55]，（b）GGC36火山灰与挪威Dimna 沼泽[23]及苏格兰Loch Ashik湖[53]双峰Vedde Ash对比，（c/d）GGC36流纹质火山灰与欧洲[4, 20, 21, 23, 53, 54]及格陵兰岛[22]Katla流纹质火山灰组分对比，（e/f）GGC36玄武质火山灰的地球化学图解。NGRIP的火山灰层显示为均值与标准差[22]。
Fig. 3 The total alkali-silica (TAS) diagram and the source discrimination biplots of tephra in core GGC36. (a) Total alkali versus silica (TAS) diagram[55], (b) tephra at two depths of core GGC36 compared with the bimodal Vedde Ash in Dimna Bog, Norway[23] and Loch Ashik, Scotland[53], (c/d) rhyolitic tephra in core GGC36 compared with similar Katla tephra layers in Europe [4, 20, 21, 23, 53, 54] and Greenland[22], (e/f) the geochemical diagram of basaltic tephra in GC36. NGRIP data are plotted as average values and standard deviations [22].
图 4 岩心GGC36的流纹质火山灰丰度及5cm生物扰动深度的火山灰分布模拟
Fig. 4 The rhyolite tephra abundance and the simulated tephra distribution using a bioturbation depth of 5cm in core GGC36.
图 5 北大西洋海表碳库年龄分布：（a）现代100米水深，（b）YD时期（基于VA与所有浮游有孔虫数据），（c）YD时期（基于VA与N. pachyderma数据）
Fig. 5 Distribution of marine reservoir ages in the North Atlantic: (a) modern (100 m water depth), (b) YD (based on VA and various surface data), (c) YD (based on VA and N. pachyderma).
图 6 岩芯GGC36的流纹质火山灰丰度及平均粒径对比
Fig. 6 Mean grain size (Mz) and rhyolite tephra abundance of sediments in core GGC36
图 8 岩心GGC36中VBVS源火山灰与北大西洋沉积岩心V 28-14、K-708-1中NAAZ I拉斑玄武质火山灰[1]的对比
Fig. 8 Comparison of tephras sourced from VBVS in core GGC36 with tholeiitic tephra in NAAZ1 of cores V28-14 & K-708-1.
表 1 Vedde火山灰的14C年代
Tab. 1 14C age of the Vedde Ash
站点位置 定年样品类型 样品相对于火山灰层的位置 常规14C年代
(a BP)火山灰14C年龄
均值(a BP)参考文献 Kråkenes湖 陆生植物宏观化石 上覆 10 230±90 10 301±37 Birks等[4]；Lohne等[56] Kråkenes湖 陆生植物宏观化石 包含 10 300±110 Birks等[4]；Lohne等[56] Kråkenes湖 陆生植物宏观化石 包含 10 305±95 Birks等[4]；Lohne等[56] Kråkenes湖 陆生植物宏观化石 下伏 10 415±95 Birks等[4]；Lohne等[56] Heggjadalsetra古湖 苔藓 包含 10 325±115 Bard等[17] Heggjadalsetra古湖 苔藓 包含 10 360±80 Bard等[17] Torvlømyra湖 陆生植物碎片 包含 10 430±240 Bard等[17] Torvlømyra湖 陆生植物碎片 包含 10 040±260 Bard等[17] Torvlømyra湖 陆生植物碎片 包含 9 950±160 Bard等[17] 
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表 2 KNR197-10 GGC36的浮游有孔虫14C定年结果
Tab. 2 14C dates of planktonic foraminifera in KNR197-10 GGC36
深度
(cm)浮游有孔虫属种 AMS 14C年代
(a BP)误差（σ）
(a BP)校正的日历年龄范围#
（cal a BP）255−256 N. pachyderma 10 900 35 11 460−11 962（95.4%） 277−278 N. pachyderma 11 100 45 11 946−12 603（95.4%） 282−283 G. bulloides 11 180 40 — 282−283 N. pachyderma 11 530 40 12 028−12 764（95.4%） # 基于IntCal20曲线和贝叶斯年龄建模（Bacon）[41]方法，使用本研究估算的海表碳库年龄799±58年校正
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表 3 岩心MD99-
2275 的部分火山灰地层信息（引自Gudmunsdóttir等[63]）Tab. 3 Tephra stratigraphic data from core MD99-
2275 (partial)火山灰层
深度(cm)原火山系统 年代
（cal a BP）参考文献 3 372−3 373 VBVS 12 045 Søndergaard[64] ; Gudmunsdóttir等[63] ～3 390−3 407 Katla (VA) 12 120 Eiríksson等[65] ; Gudmunsdóttir等[63] 3 412−3 413 VBVS 12 165 Søndergaard[64] ; Gudmunsdóttir等[63] 3 417−3 418 KVS 12 210 Søndergaard[64] ; Gudmunsdóttir等[63] 3 468−3 469 GVS 12 667 Søndergaard[64] ; Gudmunsdóttir等[63]
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