The impact of rare and common species loss on community functional diversity in fish community of Zhoushan fishing ground
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摘要: 本研究基于舟山渔场鱼类群落调查数据，采用自抽样技术模拟稀有种和常见种种类数随机丧失，并通过生物量比例递减法模拟生物量丧失情景，以探究不同生态类群丧失对鱼类群落功能多样性的影响机制。研究结果表明，稀有种虽仅占群落总生物量的3%，但其种类数占比接近40%，在群落结构组成中具有重要地位。物种丧失情景模拟显示，稀有种种类数丧失直接影响功能多样性指数，具体表现为功能丰富度下降、功能均匀度上升，而功能离散度和二次熵指数变化不明显；常见种种类数丧失导致功能丰富度下降，其余三个功能多样性指数则保持相对稳定。在生物量丧失情景下，随着稀有种生物量减少功能丰富度保持不变而功能均匀度、功能离散度和二次熵指数均呈现下降趋势，其中功能均匀度表现为先缓后急的非线性下降，其余两个指数则呈现线性递减规律；常见种生物量丧失则引起后三个指数下降呈现先急后缓的特征。稀有种在群落中占据着独特的生态功能位，其功能性状分布于多维功能空间边缘，对维持群落功能多样性具有独特的作用。加强稀有种及其栖息地的保护是维持区域生态系统多样性和稳定性的关键策略。Abstract: This study is based on survey data of fish communities in the Zhoushan fishing ground and uses a resampling technique to simulate the random loss of rare and common species. It also employs a biomass proportion reduction method to simulate scenarios of biomass loss, in order to explore the mechanisms by which the loss of different ecological groups affects functional diversity in fish communities. The results show that although rare species account for only 3% of the total community biomass, their species richness constitutes nearly 40% of the community, indicating an important ecological niche within the community structure. The simulation of species loss scenarios revealed that the loss of rare species’ richness directly impacts the functional diversity indices, specifically leading to a decrease in functional richness and an increase in functional evenness, while functional divergence and Rao’s quadratic entropy indices showed no significant changes. In contrast, the loss of common species’ richness resulted in a decline in functional richness, while the other three functional diversity indices remained relatively stable. Under the biomass loss scenarios, the reduction in rare species’ biomass led to unchanged functional richness but declines in functional evenness, functional divergence, and Rao’s quadratic entropy indices. The functional evenness index exhibited a nonlinear decline that started slowly and then accelerated, while the other two indices showed linear decreasing patterns. In contrast, the loss of common species’ biomass caused the latter three indices to decline in a pattern that started rapidly and then slowed down. Rare species occupy unique functional niches in the community, with their functional traits distributed at the edges of the multidimensional functional space. They play a unique role in maintaining community functional diversity. Strengthening the protection of rare species and their habitats is a key strategy for maintaining regional ecosystem diversity and stability.
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Key words:
- fish community /
- rare species /
- functional diversity /
- simulated loss
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图 1 舟山渔场渔业资源调查站位图
Fig. 1 The survey stations of fishery resources in Zhoushan fishing ground
图 2 稀有种物种数丧失程度对功能多样性的影响
注：图中虚线为物种未丧失时对应功能多样性指标的数值
Fig. 2 The impact of different degrees of loss of rare species on functional diversity
Note: The dashed lines in the figure represent the values of functional diversity indicators corresponding to the species in the absence of species loss
图 3 常见种物种数不同丧失程度对功能多样性的影响
注：图中虚线为物种未丧失时对应功能多样性指标的数值
Fig. 3 The impact of different degrees of loss of common species on functional diversity
Note: The dashed lines in the figure represent the values of functional diversity indicators corresponding to the species in the absence of species loss
图 4 稀有种生物量丧失程度对功能多样性的影响
Fig. 4 The impact of degrees of biomass loss of loss of rare species on functional diversity
图 5 常见种生物量丧失程度对功能多样性的影响
Fig. 5 The impact of different degrees of biomass loss of common species on functional diversity
表 1 功能性状分类标准及其所含类型
Tab. 1 Overview of functional traits included in the analyses
功能类别Classification of function 功能性状
Functional trait包含类型 Type of functional traits 运动Locomotion 体型
Body shape短宽 short and or deep、细长 elongated、鳗形 eel like、纺锤形 fusiform normal、椭圆纺锤形 fusiform normal oval、椭圆形 elongated circular、受压纺锤形 fusiform normal compressed、椭圆鳗形 eel like oval、其他平扁形 other flattened、受压短宽形 short and or deep compressed、受压鳗形 eel like compressed、棱角纺锤形 fusiform normal angular、平扁形 flattened、圆鳗形 eel like circular、其他 other 食物消耗量与生物
量的比值 Q/B连续变量，范围：0.0−161.6 营养级 Trophic level 连续变量，范围：3.0−4.46 最大栖息深度 Depth Max 连续变量，范围：5− 4000 在水层中的垂向位置
Position Water Column底栖 demersal、近底栖 bathydemersal、底层兼上层 benthopelagic、深海 bathydemersal、浅海兼上层 pelagic_neritic、珊瑚礁依赖 reef_associated 运动方式
Swim Mode亚鲹形游动 subcarangiform、鲀形游动 tetraodontiform、鳗形游动 anguilliform、鲈形游动 labriform、二齿鲀形游动 diodontiform、鲹形游动 carangiform、鳐形游动 rajiform、弓鳍鱼形游动 amiiform、扳机鱼形游动 balistiform、箱鲀形游动 ostraciiform 生态适应性Ecological adaptation 最大体长 Lm 连续变量，范围：0.9−98.8 平均适宜温度
Temperature Prefer Mean连续变量，范围：4.4−29.0 繁殖行为Reproduction 繁殖习性
Guild Combined不进行亲代抚育 nonguarders、在开放水域散布卵且不进行亲代抚育 nonguarders open water substratum egg scatterers、进行亲代抚育 guarders、体外携带并保护孵化 bearers external brooders、筑巢抚育 guarders nesters、体内孵化受精卵 bearers、体内受精孵化并产出活体幼鱼 bearers internal live bearers、仔细照料的亲代抚育 guarders clutch tenders 种群动态Population dynamics 生长系数 K 连续变量，范围：0.1−2.34 世代周期 Generation time 连续变量，范围： 0.52664 −9.7658 
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表 2 鱼类群落稀有种及常见种的代表物种
Tab. 2 Representative species of rare and common species of fish community
稀有种 Rare species
共计53种（39.85%）rr值均值（判定界点）
Mean rr value（decision boundary）常见种 Common species
共计80种（60.15%）代表种
Symbol species红鲬 Bembras japonica 0.3462 绿鳍鱼 Chelidonichthys kumu 须鳗鰕虎鱼 Taenioides anguillaris 虻鲉 Erisphex pottii 棘冠海龙 Corythoichthys haematopterus 细条天竺鱼 Jaydia lineata 高体若鲹 Carangoides equula 发光鲷 Acropoma japonicum 中颌棱鳀 Thryssa mystax 小黄鱼 Larimichthys polyactis 青鰧 Xenocephalus elongatus 海鳗 Muraenesox cinereus 五点斑鲆 Pseudorhombus quinquocellatus 褐斑三线舌鳎 Cynoglossus trigrammus 舒氏海龙 Syngnathus schlegeli 短吻舌鳎 Cynoglossus abbreviatus 鲈 Lateolabrax japonicus 六丝矛尾鰕虎鱼 Amblychaeturichthys hexanema 日本鰧 Uranoscopus japonicus 龙头鱼 Harpadon nehereus 累计生物量
Cumulative biomass32.76 kg（3.00%） 1090.47 kg（97.00%）
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