Study on the Impact of Salt Marsh Vegetation Patches on Tidal Flat Erosion and Accretion Under the Influence of Typhoon "Yanhua"
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摘要: 台风作为海岸带常见的自然灾害之一，对潮滩造成严重影响。然而，台风现场资料十分匮乏，针对台风期间盐沼植被是如何保护潮滩的研究仍非常有限。本文选取长江口崇明东滩为研究对象，在2021年7月台风“烟花”过境期间，借助水动力仪器、无人机摄影测量技术（高程测量），分别对盐沼和盐沼前缘区域进行水动力观测及台风前、后盐沼植被生态系统监测。研究发现：（1）台风期间风速、水深、波高为台风前、后的1.1-2.8倍，且盐沼植被前缘盐沼前缘区域的水动力均高于盐沼区域，水深、波高和流速分别是盐沼区的1.3倍、1.2倍和1.9倍；（2）台风“烟花”影响下，盐沼前缘植被斑块由于直接面对台风带来的强风和强浪，水深、波高等水动力强度是盐沼区域的1.1-1.9倍，导致在相同植被盖度情况下盐沼前缘植被斑块处的侵蚀占比是靠陆植被斑块的1.2-1.8倍；（3）在盐沼前缘，密集斑块区相对于稀疏斑块区的促淤能力更强，其中密集斑块区域最大淤积厚度可达45 cm，而稀疏斑块区则主要以侵蚀为主，最大侵蚀深度可达17 cm。表明植被斑块的密集程度直接影响滩面冲淤变化。本研究揭示了在极端天气事件影响下，植被斑块的排列方式和所处位置对潮滩冲淤的影响至关重要，这对潮滩管理和生态保护具有重要意义，同时也为应对极端天气如何建立坚实的自然屏障提供理论支持。Abstract: Typhoons, as one of the common natural disasters in coastal zones, have severe impacts on tidal flats. However, there is a significant lack of field data on typhoons, and studies on how salt marsh vegetation protects tidal flats during typhoon events are still very limited.. This study selected Chongming Dongtan in the Yangtze River Estuary as the research site. During the passage of Typhoon "In-Fa" in July 2021, hydrodynamic instruments and UAV photogrammetry (elevation measurements) were used to monitor hydrodynamics and sediment in both salt marsh and the marsh front areas, as well as to monitor the salt marsh ecosystem before and after the typhoon. The findings are as follows: (1) During the typhoon, wind speed, water depth, and wave height were 1.1 to 2.8 times those before and after the typhoon, and the hydrodynamic forces in the marsh front area were higher than those in the salt marsh area, with water depth, wave height, and flow velocity being 1.3 times, 1.2 times, and 1.9 times those of the salt marsh area, respectively; (2) Under the influence of Typhoon "In-Fa," vegetation patches at the marsh front, directly exposed to strong winds and waves, experienced hydrodynamic forces such as water depth and wave height that were 1.1 to 1.9 times those of the salt marsh area, resulting in erosion at the marsh front being 1.2 to 1.8 times that of the inland vegetation patches under the same vegetation coverage conditions; (3) In the marsh-front area, densely vegetated patches demonstrated stronger sediment accretion capacity compared to sparsely vegetated patches, with the maximum accretion thickness in densely vegetated areas reaching 45 cm, whereas sparse patches were mainly subject to erosion, with a maximum erosion depth of 17 cm. This indicates that the density of vegetation patches directly affects the sedimentation and erosion dynamics of the tidal flat. This study reveals that the arrangement and location of vegetation patches are crucial to the sedimentation and erosion of tidal flats under extreme weather events, which has significant implications for tidal flat management and ecological protection. It also provides theoretical support for establishing a robust natural barrier in response to extreme weather conditions.
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Key words:
- typhoon /
- vegetation patches /
- tidal flat sedimentation and erosion /
- Chongming Dongtan
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图 1 研究区位置和台风路径（a）、崇明东滩示意图（红色矩形中）（b）、水动力泥沙观测点1、2号点（c）
Fig. 1 Location of the study area and typhoon paths (a), schematic diagram of Chongming East Tide Flat (within the red rectangle) (b), hydrodynamic and sediment observation points 1 and 2 (c).
图 3 2021年台风“烟花”前、中、后崇明东滩水动力、悬沙浓度变化图，黄色部分表示台风中
(a) 风速矢量图、(b)水深、(c)有效波高、(d)1号点（盐沼区观测点）流速矢量图、(e)2号点（盐沼前缘区观测点）流速矢量图
Fig. 3 Hydrodynamics and suspended sediment concentration in Chongming East Tide Flat before, during, and after Typhoon "In-Fa" in 2021, with the yellow area indicating the typhoon period.
(a) Wind speed vector map, (b) Water depth, (c) Significant wave height, (d) Flow speed vector map at Point 1 (salt marsh observation point), (e) Flow speed vector map at Point 2 (salt marsh edge observation point).
图 4 台风“烟花”前研究区植被覆盖图（a）、台风“烟花”前后滩面冲淤图（b）：正值表示淤积，负值表示侵蚀、剖面线位置图（c）：底图为图（a）与图（b）叠合图
Fig. 4 Vegetation cover map of the study area before Typhoon "In-Fa"(a) , Sedimentation and erosion map of the tidal flat before and after Typhoon "In-Fa"(b): positive values indicate deposition and negative values indicate erosion, Profile line location map(c): the base map is a composite of (a) and (b).
图 2 RTK测量高程点与无人机反演高程点的拟合，R2为相关系数
Fig. 2 Fitting of RTK-measured elevation points and UAV-derived elevation points, with R2 as the correlation coefficient.
图 5 滩面剖面线上各部分占比
Fig. 5 Proportions of different sections along the tidal flat profile line
表 1 仪器选择与参数设置
Tab. 1 Instrument selection and parameter settings
仪器名称 测量物理参数 仪器位置 距底床高度(m) 时间间隔(min) 频率(Hz) Burst(s) ADV 流速 1、2号点 0.25 5 16 256 RBR-Wave 水深、波高 1、2号点 0.1 5 4 256 
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