Distribution and budget of nitrogen and phosphorus in the coastal area of Rushan Bay
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摘要: 基于2009年6–9月，2014年5月，2014年7–8月在乳山湾外邻近海域的综合调查资料，分析了该开放海域水体与沉积物中氮、磷营养盐的组成和分布，并在潮汐潮流数值模式计算水通量的基础上分析了近岸开放区域无机氮(DIN)和无机磷(DIP)的循环与收支的主要过程，量化了潮汐潮流、初级生产的消耗与转化、底界面过程与内部循环等过程对氮和磷营养盐循环与收支的影响。结果表明，夏季乳山湾外邻近海域水体DIN和DIP的浓度与分布受陆源输入和潮汐潮流的共同影响，高值均出现在湾口区域；沉积物-水界面存在DIN和DIP从沉积物向上覆水释放的现象，使得底层水体的氮、磷营养盐浓度高于表层水体。氮的收支表明，研究海域水体内部循环过程是初级生产所需DIN的主要来源，占初级生产总消耗量的86%，其次是水交换作用(11%)，底界面扩散对初级生产的贡献相对较小(3%)；水体DIN的移出主要是通过埋藏、向外海的输送和水体反硝化作用，其比例分别为80%、16%和4%。磷的收支显示，研究海域水体内部循环过程贡献了初级生产所需DIP的91%，其次是水交换作用(9%)，底界面扩散对初级生产的贡献小于1%；水体DIP支出主要是通过沉积埋藏和向外海的输送，其比例分别为67%和33%。研究结果表明内部循环过程是近海水体氮和磷获得补充的主要途径，不过外部来源的氮、磷营养盐结构与系统内部具有显著的差异，且系统内磷的埋藏效率要高于氮，其必将对乳山湾外邻近海域营养盐结构和初级生产产生长远的影响。Abstract: Based on the seven comprehensive surveys in the coastal area of Rushan Bay in summer of 2009 and 2014, the distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients and nutrient structure were analyzed, and the budgets of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) were estimated based on the water balance calculated by Princeton Ocean Model (POM). The results show that the high concentrations of DIN and DIP in adjacent area of Rushan Bay in summer appears in the mouth area of Rushan Bay. Their concentrations and distributions are influenced by the terrestrial inputs, tides and currents significantly. The DIN and DIP effluxes from the sediment to the overlying water at the sediment-water interface result in the higher concentrations of DIN and DIP in the bottom water than those in the surface water. The budget of DIN shows that internal cycling is the dominant source of DIN for the primary production, accounting for 86% of uptake by primary production, followed by water exchange (11%), and benthic efflux (3%); the removal of DIN in the water column is dominant by sedimentation (80%), export to the offshore (16%), and denitrification (4%). The DIP budget shows that internal cycling in the water column is the dominant source of DIP for the primary production, accounting for 91% of uptake by primary production, followed by water exchange (9%), and benthic efflux (lower than 1%); the removal of DIP in the water column is also dominant by sedimentation (67%) and export to the off shore by water exchange (33%). Based on the budgets of DIN and DIP, internal recycling is the dominant source for both of DIN and DIP supplies in the coastal water column, and the burial efficiency of P is higher than N into the sediment in the area off Rushan Bay. However, the different nutrient structure between external and internal sources of the study area would result in a long-term effect on the nutrient balance and primary production due to the differential budget of DIN and DIP.
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Key words:
- nitrogen /
- phosphorus /
- nutrient structure /
- nutrient limitation /
- flux and budget /
- Rushan Bay
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图 1 乳山湾口及其邻近海域采样站位（红色虚框为收支计算边界，箭头代表水流方向）
Fig. 1 Sampling stations in the coastal area of Rushan Bay (red dashed frame represents boundary of nutrient budget; arrow shows the water current direction)
图 2 2009年夏季乳山湾邻近海域DIN浓度平面分布
Fig. 2 Horizontal distribution of DIN concentration in the adjacent area of Rushan Bay in summer 2009
图 3 2009年夏季乳山湾邻近海域DIP浓度平面分布
Fig. 3 Horizontal distribution of DIP concentration in the adjacent area of Rushan Bay in summer 2009
图 4 2009年夏季乳山湾邻近海域水体DIN和DIP的N/P比值
Fig. 4 The N/P ratio of DIN and DIP in the water column in the adjacent area of Rushan Bay in summer 2009
图 5 2014年夏季乳山湾邻近海域沉积物间隙水中氮、磷营养盐的剖面变化（虚线代表沉积物–水界面）
Fig. 5 Vertical distributions of N and P nutrients in the pore water of sediment cores in the adjacent area of Rushan Bay in summer 2014 (dotted lines represent the sediment-water interface)
图 6 沉积物柱状样中有机氮（ON）和有机磷（OP）的剖面变化（虚线代表沉积物–水界面）
Fig. 6 Vertical distribution of organic nitrogen (ON) and organic phosphorus (OP) contents in sediment cores (dotted lines represent the sediment-water interface)
图 7 夏季乳山湾邻近海域水体氮、磷营养盐的收支（通量单位为106 mol）
FIn：平流作用下氮和磷营养盐的输入；FOut：平流作用下氮和磷营养盐的输出；FP：初级生产消耗的氮和磷营养盐，FR：内部循环再生的氮和磷营养盐，FS：ON和OP的沉积过程，FR = FP–FS；FDen：水体中氮的反硝化过程；FB：ON和OP的净埋藏，FE：沉积物–水界面氮和磷营养盐的释放，FM：沉积物中ON和OP的矿化过程，FM = FS–FB–FE；FC：水体中其他形态氮和磷的矿化降解，FC = FP–（FIn– FOut + FR + FE–FDen）；收支计算的时间范围为夏季
Fig. 7 Budget of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in the coastal area of Rushan Bay in summer（flux unit: 106 mol）
FIn: N and P input by advection; FOut: N and P output by advection; FP: N and P uptake by primary production; FR: N and P regeneration from internal recycling, FR = FP−FS; FDen: denitrification; FS: sedimentation of ON and OP; FB: net burial of ON and OP; FE：benthic effluxes of N and P across the sediment-water interface; FM: mineralization of ON and OP (FM = FS−FB− FE); FC: cycling of other forms of N and P by mineralization, FC = FP− (FIn−FOut + FR + FE−FDen); time frame of the results is in summer
表 1 2009年夏季乳山湾邻近海域水体氮和磷的变化范围
Tab. 1 Nitrogen and phosphorus in the water column in the adjacent area of Rushan Bay in summer 2009
参数 层次 6月 7月 8月 9月 范围
/μmol·L–1平均值
/μmol·L–1范围
/μmol·L–1平均值
/μmol·L–1范围
/μmol·L–1平均值
/μmol·L–1范围
/μmol·L–1平均值
/μmol·L–1${\rm {NH}}_4^+$ 表层 0.05～2.95 0.76±0.66 0.05～3.32 0.83±0.53 0.38～4.13 1.32±0.73 0.01～6.05 0.53±1.00 底层 0.01～2.76 0.81±0.70 0.09～6.67 0.99±0.99 0.46～8.58 1.87±1.57 0.01～6.25 0.61±1.13 ${\rm {NO}}_2^-$ 表层 0.01～0.57 0.10±0.09 0.02～1.19 0.21±0.21 0.02～3.84 0.31±0.63 0.01～5.00 1.01±1.47 底层 0.01～0.44 0.10±0.09 0.12～0.89 0.21±0.15 0.02～6.19 0.59±1.12 0.02～6.19 1.07±1.35 ${\rm {NO}}_3^-$ 表层 0.02～14.7 3.47±3.33 0.16～23.7 2.63±4.72 0.16～11.0 2.21±2.85 0.05～17.3 2.65±3.95 底层 0.22～14.3 2.95±3.30 0.39～32.6 2.71±4.87 0.27～13.8 3.32±3.28 0.07～21.3 3.10±3.93 DIN 表层 0.49～16.6 4.33±3.60 0.76～25.6 3.67±4.96 0.86～13.9 3.84±3.41 0.13～27.1 4.19±5.90 底层 0.35～15.0 3.86±3.56 0.83～10.7 3.11±2.27 0.94～19.6 5.79±4.35 0.18～30.7 4.78±5.66 DIP 表层 0.06～0.89 0.29±0.19 0.06～1.53 0.47±0.31 0.14～0.74 0.32±0.11 0.10～0.96 0.28±0.13 底层 0.02～0.89 0.29±0.19 0.13～0.82 0.41±0.18 0.14～0.71 0.37±0.14 0.17～0.90 0.32±0.12 TN 表层 5.29～24.9 12.9±5.54 4.44～51.6 9.73±9.54 6.85～18.7 10.1±2.58 4.79～18.4 8.70±3.57 底层 3.23～25.0 11.4±6.99 3.52～27.6 9.59±5.96 6.89～20.1 11.6±3.42 3.57～46.2 16.3±8.73 TP 表层 0.50～1.28 0.72±0.18 0.27～1.70 0.73±0.35 0.43～1.24 0.63±0.17 0.14～0.97 0.48±0.21 底层 0.10～1.86 0.80±0.39 0.20～0.87 0.64±0.16 0.41～1.60 0.71±0.28 0.21～2.29 1.06±0.44 
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表 2 夏季乳山湾邻近海域收支区域边界相关参数与DIN和DIP的交换通量
Tab. 2 Parameters and diffusive fluxes of DIN and DIP across the boundaries of the study area in the adjacent area of Rushan Bay in summer
边界与方向 平均水深
/m界面跨度
/km界面面积
/km2平均流速
/m·s–1水交换通量
/km3·d–1DIN浓度
/μmol·L–1DIP浓度
/μmol·L–1DIN交换通量
/106 molDIP交换通量
/106 mol北侧 16 54 0.87 0.005 0.19 8.50 0.47 145 7.9 南侧 26 54 1.40 –0.004 –0.24 2.72 0.29 –60 –6.4 东侧 23 33 0.77 0.007 0.24 3.51 0.37 75 7.9 西侧 20 33 0.68 –0.007 –0.19 2.72 0.29 –43 –4.6
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表 3 夏季乳山湾邻近海域沉积物−水界面DIN和DIP的交换通量
Tab. 3 Diffusive fluxes of DIP and DIN across the sediment-water interface in the adjacent area of Rushan Bay in summer
站位 孔隙率* 沉积速率* 时间 交换速率/μmol·m–2·d–1 DIP ${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $ ${\rm {NO}}_3^-$ ${\rm {NO}}_2^-$ DIN C1 0.764 1.63 7月 0.86 238 17.5 2.28 258 C2 0.753 1.44 5月 0.09 225 –26.9 0.94 199 8月 0.09 135 3.6 –0.22 139 C5 0.749 1.62 5月 0.02 106 7.6 0.17 113 注：孔隙率为沉积物上层0～5 cm的平均值；*孔隙率和沉积速率参考文献[13]。
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