北冰洋浮游生物空间分布及其季节变化的模拟

魏皓; 赵伟; 罗晓凡; 聂红涛; 胡宪敏; 鹿有余

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.006

北冰洋浮游生物空间分布及其季节变化的模拟

doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.006

1.
天津大学海洋科学与技术学院，天津 300072
2.
加拿大渔业和海洋部贝德福德海洋研究所，新斯科舍达特茅斯B2Y 4A2

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金重点项目（41630969）。

详细信息

作者简介:
魏皓（1964—），女，天津市人，教授，主要从事物理海洋学和海洋生态动力学方面研究。E-mail：hao.wei@tju.edu.cn

通讯作者:
罗晓凡，女，讲师，主要从事海洋生态动力学模拟方面研究。E-mail：xiaofan.luo@tju.edu.cn

中图分类号: Q958.8
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2018-07-11
- 修回日期: 2018-10-24
- 网络出版日期: 2021-04-21
- 刊出日期: 2019-09-25

Simulation of spatial distribution and seasonal variation of plankton in the Arctic Ocean

1.
School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
2.
Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Dartmouth B2Y 4A2, Canada

摘要

摘要: 低营养级浮游生物生态动力过程对环境变化的响应非常敏感。随着全球气候变化加剧，北冰洋正在经历快速的环境变化。厘清北冰洋低营养级浮游生物季节分布与变化特征是探究北冰洋生态系统对环境快速变化响应的前提，也是评估北极海区固碳能力的重要依据。基于此，本文构建了海洋–海冰–生物地球化学循环模型，并对北冰洋叶绿素浓度以及浮游生物结构的时空变化特征进行了模拟，结果表明：(1)北冰洋表层叶绿素浓度的峰值主要出现在5月，且太平洋一侧叶绿素浓度高于大西洋一侧；随着海水层化，表层受营养盐限制的海区呈现次表层叶绿素浓度最大值现象，且由陆架向海盆，次表层叶绿素浓度最大值层逐渐加深；9月，叶绿素浓度高值重回水体上层，太平洋一侧海区表层叶绿素浓度呈现较为明显的次峰值。(2)由于太平洋和大西洋入流营养盐浓度及结构的不同，北冰洋表层浮游生物群落结构存在明显空间差异。太平洋一侧，硅藻和中型浮游动物占优，硅藻在5月和9月出现生物量峰值，微型浮游植物在3月、5月和6月维持相对较高生物量；而大西洋一侧，在早春－春末夏初－夏秋经历了微型浮游植物－硅藻－微型浮游植物的演替，总体而言，微型浮游植物和微型浮游动物占优。此外，两侧海区浮游动物浓度峰值相较浮游植物滞后约半月。
- 浮游植物 /
- 营养盐 /
- 海洋–海冰–生物地球化学循环模型 /
- 北冰洋
Abstract: Eco-dynamics of marine plankton are remarkably sensitive to changes in their environments. The Arctic Ocean is undergoing rapid environmental changes as the global climate change intensifies. Understanding the seasonal distribution and variation of low-trophic plankton is a prerequisite for exploring the response of ecosystem to changing environment in the Arctic Ocean, and is also an important basis for assessing the carbon sequestration capacity of the Arctic Ocean. Based on above, a coupled ocean-sea ice-biogeochemical cycling model was developed and applied to evaluate the temporal-spatial variations of chlorophyll a concentration and planktonic structures in the Arctic Ocean. The results suggested that: (1) surface chlorophyll a concentration mainly peaks in May, with the higher values on the Pacific side than the Atlantic; since stratification occurs, subsurface chlorophyll a maximums are found in areas having limited nutrients at surface, and the depth of subsurface chlorophyll a maximums gradually deepens from the shelf towards the basin; in September, the high chlorophyll a concentration returns to the upper layer from the subsurface, presenting a sub-peak of surface chlorophyll a concentration on the Pacific side. (2) Substantial regional differences in surface plankton communities exist in the Arctic Ocean due to the influences of the Pacific and Atlantic inflows with variations in nutrients concentrations and structures. Diatom and mesozooplankton are dominant species on the Pacific side where diatom biomass exhibits two peaks in May and September, meanwhile nanophytoplankton maintains relatively high biomass in March, May and June. Atlantic side experiences a seasonal succession from nanophytoplankton to diatom then to nanophytoplankton corresponding to early spring, late spring-early summer, and summer-autumn, respectively. Over the entire growth season, nanophytoplankton and microzooplankton dominate on the Atlantic side. Generally, the peak biomass of zooplankton has a lag for half a month to the peak of phytoplankton biomass in the Arctic Ocean.
- phytoplankton /
- nutrient /
- coupled ocean-sea ice-biogeochemical cycling model /
- Arctic Ocean

HTML全文

图 1 生态模型概念示意图

DIC：溶解无机碳；TA：总碱度；pCO₂：海面二氧化碳分压；pH：海水酸碱度：sPOC：小型颗粒有机碳；bPOC：大型颗粒有机碳；NIT：硝酸盐； AMM：铵盐；SIL：硅酸盐；PHO：磷酸盐；DOM：溶解有机物；DO：溶解氧；CaCO₃：碳酸钙

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of ecosystem model

DIC: dissolved inorganic carbon; TA: total alkalinity; pCO₂: partial pressure of carbon dioxide; pH: acidity or alkalinity of seawater; sPOC: small particulate organic carbon; bPOC: big particulate organic carbon; NIT: nitrate; AMM: ammonium; SIL: silicate; PHO: phosphate; DOM: dissolved organic matter; DO: dissolved oxygen; CaCO₃: calcium carbonate

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图 2 模型模拟海区及地形

Fig. 2 Bathymetry of model domain

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图 3 表层硝酸盐浓度分布：WOA 1998年3月数据（a）；模型1998年3月数据（b）；WOA 1998年9月数据（c）；模型1998年9月数据（d）

Fig. 3 Distributions of nitrate concentration in surface seawater: WOA data in March 1998 (a); model result in March 1998 (b); WOA data in September 1998 (c); model result in September 1998 (d)

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图 4 表层硅酸盐浓度分布：WOA 1998年3月数据（a）；模型1998年3月数据（b）；WOA 1998年9月数据（c）；模型1998年9月数据（d）

Fig. 4 Distributions of silicate concentration in surface seawater: WOA data in March 1998 (a); model result in March 1998 (b); WOA data in September 1998 (c); model result in September 1998 (d)

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图 5 1998年硝酸盐浓度分布：观测10 m层数据（a）；模型10 m层数据（b）；观测50 m层数据（c）；模型50 m层数据（d）

Fig. 5 Distributions of nitrate concentration in 1998: observation (a) and model results (b) at depth of 10 m; observation (c) and model results (d) at depth of 50 m

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图 6 1998年硅酸盐浓度分布：观测10 m层数据（a）；模型10 m层数据（b）；观测50 m层数据（c）；模型50 m层数据（d）

Fig. 6 Distributions of silicate concentration in 1998: observation (a) and model results (b) at depth of 10 m; observation (c) and model results (d) at depth of 50 m

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图 7 叶绿素浓度空间分布：SeaWiFS 1998年5月数据（a）；模型1998年5月结果（b）；SeaWiFS 1998年6月数据（c）；模型1998年6月结果（d）

Fig. 7 Distribution of surface Chlorophyll a concentration: SeaWiFS data in May 1998 (a); model result in May 1998 (b); SeaWiFS data in June 1998 (c); model result in June 1998 (d)

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图 8 纬度圈平均的表层叶绿素浓度：60°～90°N间每3°纬度圈平均叶绿素浓度季节循环（a）；4月和5月大西洋、太平洋每纬度平均的叶绿素浓度（b）

Fig. 8 Latitudinal averaged surface chlorophyll a concentration: seasonal cycle averaged over each 3° at latitude from 60°N to 90°N (a); averaged over each latitude from Atlantic to Pacific in April and May (b)

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图 9 7月白令海峡–楚科奇海–加拿大盆地断面表层及叶绿素浓度最大值处浮游植物生长限制因子（a）及该断面叶绿素浓度分布（b）

图a的图例中lnlight，ldlight，lnnut，ldnut分别为微型浮游植物光限制因子，硅藻光限制因子，微型浮游植物营养盐限制因子，硅藻营养盐限制因子；-s代表表层；-m为叶绿素浓度最大值处。图b中黑线表示叶绿素浓度最大值位置，图b中子图为断面位置

Fig. 9 Phytoplankton growth limiting factors at surface and depth of chlorophyll a maximum (a) and chlorophyll a concentration at the section located adjacent Bering Strait-Chukchi Sea-Canada Basin (green line shown in Fig. b) in July (b)

The lnlight，ldlight，lnnut，ldnut in Fig. a denote the limiting effects of light and nutrients on nanophytoplankton and diatom, respectively.; -s: at surface layer; –m: for the layer of chlorophyll a maximum; black line in Fig. b shows the position of chlorophyll a maximum; subgraph in Fig.b shows the position of section

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图 10 浮游生物生物量分布：4月微型浮游植物生物量（a）；4月硅藻生物量（b）；5月微型浮游动物生物量（c）；5月中型浮游动物生物量（d）

Fig. 10 Distributions of plankton biomass: nanophytoplankton in April (a); diatom in April (b); microzooplankton in May (c); mesozooplankton in May (d)

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图 11 表层浮游生物生物量和营养盐浓度周年循环：太平洋一侧（图10a红框空间平均）（a）；大西洋一侧（图10a黑框空间平均）（b）

Fig. 11 Annual cycles of surface plankton and nutrients concentrations: Pacific side (averaged over the area outlined by red lines in Fig. 10a) (a); Atlantic side (averaged over the area outlined by black lines in Fig. 10a) (b)

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表 1 北极海区部分研究生态系统的模型

Tab. 1 Part studying of ecosystem model about Arctic Ocean

研究海区	模式特点	主要状态变量	主要研究问题	参考文献
巴伦支海及其邻近海域	1维和3维，水平分辨率20 km，垂向12层	1维：2种Phyto-p，3种营养盐（2种N，1种Si），2种Zoo-p，1种G；3维：2种Phyto-p，1种营养盐（N）	年均PP	文献[20]
巴伦支海及其邻近海域	3维，水平分辨率20 km，垂向25层	2种Phyto-p，3种营养盐（2种N，1种Si），4种Zoo-p，2种D，1种B，1种DOC	气候变化对PP的影响，酸化，碳通量	文献[21-22, 24]
白令海、楚科奇海及其邻近海域	2维，垂向39层	2种营养盐（2种N)，1种Chl-a，1种B，3种DOC	Chl-a和PP空间变化	文献[25]
白令海、楚科奇海及其邻近海域	3维，水平分辨率(1/12)°，垂向45层（含1 cm沉积层）	4种营养盐（2种N，2种Si），2种G，2种DOC，2种DIC，4种D，1种B	碳汇，PP季节变化，海洋食物网	文献[26-27]
	3维，水平分辨率5～10 km，垂向24层，PhEcoM模型	3种营养盐（N，P，Si），1种Phyto-p，1种Zoo-p，1种D	PP分布与季节变化	文献[38-39]
波弗特海、加拿大北极群岛海域	1维，垂向22层	3种营养盐（N，P，Si），1种Phyto-p，1种Zoo-p ，1种IA，3种D	IA和PP季节变化	文献[29-30]
波弗特海、加拿大北极群岛海域	1维，垂向100层	3种营养盐（2种N，1种Si），2种Phyto-p，2种Zoo-p ，1种IA，2种D，1种BSi	IA和PP季节变化	文献[28]
北冰洋海域	3维，水平分辨率4～10 km，垂向30层，BIOMAS模型	3种营养盐（2种N，1种Si），2种Phyto-p，3种Zoo-p，1种DON，2种D，1种IA	海冰和营养盐对冰下PP的影响	文献[7, 35]
	3维，水平分辨率15 km， 50 km，垂向40层，NORWECOM模型	3种营养盐（N，P，Si），2种Phyto-p，3种Zoo-p，1种DON，2种D，1种DO，1种BSi	生态系统的变化	文献[31]
	3维，水平分辨率(1/4)°，垂向75层，MEDUSA模型	3种营养盐（N，Si，Fe），2种Phyto-p，2种Zoo-p，2种Chl-a，2种D，1种DIC，1种TA，1种DO，1种sPOC	环境改变对生态系统的影响	文献[14, 32-33]
	3维，水平分辨率30～50 km，垂向40层，LANL-UAF模型	5种营养盐（2种N，1种P，1种Si，1种Fe），3种Phyto-p，1种Zoo-p，1种IA，3种Chl-a，2种D，1种DIC，1种TA，1种DO，1种DOC，1种DON，1种DOP，1种DOFe	冰下PP变化，IA	文献[36-37, 41]
	3维，水平分辨率(1/4)°，垂向75层，PISCES模型	5种营养盐（2种N，1种P，1种Si，1种Fe），2种Phyto-p，2种Zoo-p，2种Chl-a，1种DIC，1种TA，1种DO，1种DOC，1种sPOC，1种bPOC	PP变化	文献[40]
注：N、P、Si、Fe分别代表含氮、磷、硅、铁的无机营养盐；Phyto-p指浮游植物；Zoo-p指浮游动物；IA指冰藻；B、G、D分别代表细菌、游泳动物、有机碎屑；Chl-a指叶绿素；DIC指溶解无机碳；DOC指溶解有机碳；sPOC指小型颗粒有机碳；bPOC指大型颗粒有机碳；DON指溶解有机氮；DOP指溶解有机磷；DOFe指溶解有机铁；DO指溶解氧；TA指总碱度；BSi指生物硅；PP指初级生产。

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