Density zoning and formation mechanism of seagrass beds in Caofeidian based on spatial heterogeneity analysis
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摘要: 以我国现存面积最大的曹妃甸海草床作为研究对象，采用遥感解译、现场调查和模型解析相结合的方法，开展了曹妃甸海草床密度量化分区及其空间异质性形成机制研究。通过高分辨率卫星遥感影像解译并结合现场实地验证，获得了曹妃甸海草床“北密南疏”分布格局下3类核心分区的量化数据（密集区：面积11.13 km2，占比26.03%；中等密集区：面积15.06 km2，占比35.23%；稀疏区：面积16.56 km2，占比38.74%），整体分布呈现出斑块化嵌合分布的特征。基于现场调查获取的光照、铵盐、底质密度等10项环境资料，运用多层感知器–人工神经网络（MLP-ANN）模型解析发现，底质内摩擦角（贡献率18%）、水体温度（贡献率15%）、底质磷酸盐（贡献率15%）是影响海草床密度分区的核心因子，且累计影响占比达48%。研究表明，曹妃甸海草床的密度分区是由自然动力因素与人为活动共同作用形成的：南部区域由于潮汐海流较强，导致底质遭受冲刷，同时叠加油田勘探、航道疏浚等工程活动以及陆源污染的影响，形成了“底质扰动–营养失衡”的退化链；北部区域远离这些扰动源，并且经过生态修复，底质条件得到优化，从而为中高密度海草床区域的形成提供了支撑。本研究填补了曹妃甸海草床密度分区量化研究及其机制研究方面的不足，为渤海湾海草床的科学评估及有效修复提供了科学依据和技术范式。Abstract: Taking the Caofeidian seagrass bed—the largest existing seagrass bed in China—as the research object, this study adopted a combined method of remote sensing interpretation, field investigation, and model analysis to carry out research on the quantitative zoning of density and the formation mechanism of spatial heterogeneity of the Caofeidian seagrass bed. Through the interpretation of high-resolution satellite remote sensing images and combined with on-site field verification, the quantitative data of three core zoning types under the spatial pattern of “dense in the north and sparse in the south” of the Caofeidian seagrass bed were obtained, namely the dense area (with an area of 11.13 km2, accounting for 26.03%), the moderately dense area (with an area of 15.06 km2, accounting for 35.23%), and the sparse area (with an area of 16.56 km2, accounting for 38.74%). On the whole, it shows the characteristics of patchy mosaic distribution. Based on 10 environmental data items (including illumination, ammonium, and sediment density) obtained from field investigations, an MLP-ANN (Multilayer Perceptron-Artificial Neural Network) model was used for analysis, and it was found that the internal friction angle of sediment (contribution: 18%), water temperature (contribution: 15%), and sediment phosphate (contribution: 15%) were the core driving factors affecting the density zoning of the seagrass bed, with a cumulative influence accounting for 48%. The research results indicated that the density zoning of the Caofeidian seagrass bed is formed by thejoint effect of natural dynamic factors and human activities: in the southern region, strong tidal currents cause sediment scouring, and superimposed on the impacts of engineering activities such as oilfield exploration and channel dredging, as well as land-based pollution, forming the degradation chain of “sediment disturbance - nutrient imbalance”; the northern region is far from these disturbance sources, and through ecological restoration, the sediment conditions have been optimized, thus providing support for the formation of the medium-to-high density seagrass bed areas. This study fills the gaps in the quantitative research on the density zoning of the Caofeidian seagrass bed and the research on its formation mechanism, and provides a scientific basis and technical paradigm for the scientific assessment and effective restoration of seagrass beds in the Bohai Bay.
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Key words:
- seagrass beds /
- spatial heterogeneity /
- driving factors /
- ecological restoration /
- Caofeidian
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图 1 曹妃甸海草床调查区域及站位
Fig. 1 Investigation area and stations of seagrass beds in Caofeidian
图 3 海草床不同密度区环境要素归一化后的变化范围
归一化前原始指标单位：黏聚力（Pa）、内摩擦角(°)、深度（m）、温度（℃）、光照（μmol·m–2·s–1）、盐度、悬浮颗粒物（mg·L–1）、溶解氧（mg·L–1）、pH（无量纲）、NO2（μmol·L–1）、NO3（μmol·L–1）、PO4（μmol·L–1）、NH4（μmol·L–1）、粒度（μm）、密度（g·cm–3）、含水率（%）、容重（g·cm–3）、孔隙度（%）、有机质（%）、全氮（%）、硫化物（mg·kg–1）
Fig. 3 Environmental factors in different density zones of seagrass beds normalized variation range
Original index units before normalization: Cohesion (Pa), Internal friction angle (°), Depth (m), Temperature (℃), Illumination (μmol·m–2·s–1), Salinity, Suspended particles (mg·L–1), Dissolved oxygen (mg·L–1), pH (Dimensionless), NO2 (μmol·L–1), NO3 (μmol·L–1), PO4 (μmol·L–1), NH4 (μmol·L–1), Grain size (μm), Density (g·cm–3), Moisture content (%), Bulk density (g·cm–3), Porosity (%), Organic matter (%), Total nitrogen (%), Sulfide (mg·kg–1)
图 4 海草床密度的环境要素影响占比
Fig. 4 The proportion of environmental factors influencing seagrass bed density
图 5 曹妃甸海草床密度分区关键影响因子与保护修复策略概念图
Fig. 5 Conceptual diagram of key influencing factors and protection-restoration strategies for density zoning of Caofeidian seagrass beds
表 1 调查站位信息
Tab. 1 Survey station information
站位编号 纬度/°N 经度/°E 所属区域类型 B1 39.10212 118.6554 裸沙区 B2 39.12145 118.6846 B3 39.12517 118.7207 B4 39.11416 118.7636 B5 39.07851 118.6902 B6 39.08105 118.7428 B7 39.04003 118.6825 B8 39.0638 118.7153 B9 39.02618 118.7233 S1 39.09862 118.6828 海草区 S2 39.10263 118.6687 S3 39.09544 118.6723 S4 39.08691 118.6758 S5 39.04813 118.7239 S6 39.05451 118.7092 S7 39.04657 118.7012 S8 39.10457 118.7158 S9 39.08841 118.7261 S10 39.1044 118.7015 S11 39.11593 118.7101 S12 39.10625 118.7308 
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