基于浮标观测与数值模拟的2023—2025年渤海冬季结冰期海浪特征分析

吴鸿轩; 岳澈; 李静凯; 马昕; 马也驰; 李锐

基于浮标观测与数值模拟的2023—2025年渤海冬季结冰期海浪特征分析

吴鸿轩^{1, 2,},
岳澈³,
李静凯^1, ,,
马昕¹,
马也驰¹,
李锐³

1.
中国海洋大学物理海洋教育部重点实验室，山东青岛 266100
2.
自然资源部宁德海洋中心，福建宁德 352201
3.
自然资源部北海预报减灾中心，山东青岛 266100

基金项目: 中央高校基本科研业务项目（202262005）。

详细信息

作者简介:
吴鸿轩（2000—），男，硕士，福建省宁德市人，从事海浪数值模拟研究。Email：2570792097@qq.com

通讯作者:
李静凯，男，副教授，主要研究海浪数值模拟、浪-冰相互作用及浪-流相互作用。Email：ljk1105@ouc.edu.cn

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-09-20
- 录用日期: 2026-02-11
- 修回日期: 2026-01-29
- 网络出版日期: 2026-02-13

The wave feature analysis of Bohai Sea in winter of 2023-2025 based on buoy measurements and numeric modeling

Wu Hongxuan^{1, 2
,},
Yue Che³,
Li Jingkai^{1
, ,},
Ma Xin¹,
Ma Yechi¹,
Li Rui³

1.
Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography.MOE.China, Qingdao 266100, China
2.
Ningde marine center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Ningde 352100, China
3.
North China Sea Marine Forecasting and Disaster Mitigation Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266100, China

摘要

摘要: 本文基于2023—2025年冬季投放在渤海辽东湾的共3个小型波浪浮标的观测数据及海浪数值模式对渤海冬季结冰期的海浪特征进行了分析。观测数据的统计结果表明，位于渤海中部的2个浮标测得平均有效波高约为1 m，平均有效波周期约为4到5 s。锚定于辽东湾的浮标观测显示海冰对海浪影响显著，当海冰存在时，平均有效波高和有效波周期为0.2 m和9 s，比无冰情况下分别减小和增大了54%和98%，而且海冰的存在还可能导致谱峰波向略偏离主导风向。从数值模拟的角度来看，相较于不考虑海冰的方案，通过在SWAN模式中植入考虑冰厚的冰−浪参数化方案，可降低波高模拟误差33%。另外，本文还对比了两种经典风输入项方案Komen与ST6对渤海冬季海浪的模拟效果，两种方案的结果总体上均与浮标观测的有效波高吻合较好，误差水平相当。本文的研究基于观测数据，进一步丰富了人们对渤海冬季结冰期海浪特征的认知。
- 渤海 /
- 海浪模式SWAN /
- 漂流浮标 /
- 有效波高 /
- 冬季结冰期
Abstract: Based on the observations of 3 wave buoys deployed in Liaodong Bay in winter of 2023−2025 and wave numerical model, this paper analyzes the characteristics of waves during freezing winter of Bohai Sea. According to the statistic results, the mean significant wave heights (mean significant wave periods) observed by 2 buoys in the center of Bohai Sea are about 1 m (4−5 s). Observations from the located buoy in Liaodong Bay indicates that waves are great affected by sea ice. When the buoy locates in a freezing region, the observed mean significant wave heights (mean significant periods) are 0.2 m (9 s), indicating a 54% reduction (98% increase) compared to the measurements without sea ice. The existence of sea ice may also lead the peak wave direction differ from the dominant wind direction. On the perspective of numeric modeling, the error of simulated wave heights can be reduced to 33% by adding ice-wave terms compared to the model without ice terms. By comparing two wind input terms (Komen and ST6), this paper finds that the simulations match the observations well and the error is comparable. Based on observations of buoys, the results rich the acknowledgements of people in the wave features in Bohai Sea during the freezing winter.
- Bohai Sea /
- SWAN /
- drifting buoys /
- significant wave height /
- freezing winter

HTML全文

图 1 浮标轨迹示意图。圆点代表浮标运动轨迹，星形代表浮标投放位置，背景色为（a）2023年12月至2024年2月期间，（b）2024年12月至2025年2月期间的平均海冰密集度

Fig. 1 Tracks of buoys. The red dots are the tracks of drifting buoys. The stars represent the location where the buoys deployed. Background colors represent the sea ice concentration from (a) 1 December 2023 to 30 February 2024 (b) 1 December 2024 to 29 February 2025

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图 2 WB1与WB2的（a）有效波高（b）有效波周期（c）对应海面10m风速的时间序列

Fig. 2 Time variation of (a) significant wave height, (b) significant period and (c) corresponding wind speed of WB1 and WB2

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图 3 2024年1月4日23时和2024年1月2日14时海浪的(a)一维频谱与(b)(c)二维频率方向谱，其中波向为去向

Fig. 3 (a) Frequency spectra and (b) (c) directional spectra of waves in 4 January 2024, 23 h and 2 January 2024, 14 h, respectively. The wave direction refers to the direction of propagation

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图 4 （a）WB2浮标测量的海浪玫瑰图，（b）对应的风速玫瑰图，方向均为去向

Fig. 4 (a) Wave rose and (b) wind rose figures recorded by WB2. The directions of them are both propagating directions

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图 5 WB3位置处（a）有效波高（b）有效波周期（c）海面10m风速（d）海冰密集度的时间序列。青色背景代表浮标位置有海冰覆盖的时间段。

Fig. 5 Time variations of (a) significant wave height, (b) significant wave period, (c) corresponding 10-m wind speed and (d) ice concentration of WB3. Cyan backgrounds represent the periods in which the buoy was in ice region

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图 6 WB3位置处海浪玫瑰图和10 m风速玫瑰图，方向均为去向。（a）（b）为有冰时期，（c）（d）为无冰时期

Fig. 6 (a) Wave rose and (b) wind rose figures recorded by WB 3 when the buoy was in the regions with ice. The directions are both propagating directions. (c) and (d) are the same as (a) and (b), but in the periods when the buoy was in the regions without ice

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图 7 WB3处，不同冰−浪方案下的SWAN模式模拟波高与观测值对比。灰色圆点代表浮标观测的有效波高，红色，橙色和蓝色实线分别代表IC0、IC4M2和M18方案的结果，青色背景代表MASAM2产品海冰覆盖时段。

Fig. 7 Comparison of simulated significant wave height from different wave-ice parameterizations at the WB3 location. The grey dots, red, orange and blue lines represent the results of buoy measurements, IC0, IC4M2 and M18 schemes. Cyan backgrounds represent the period in which the buoy was in ice region.

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图 8 观测有效波高与SWAN模拟的有效波高的时间序列对比图（a）2023年12月25日至2024年2月5日，WB1观测结果（b）2024年1月28日至2024年2月21日，WB2观测结果。灰色圆点代表浮标观测的有效波高，红色和蓝色实线分别代表采用ST6方案和Komen方案的SWAN模拟结果

Fig. 8 Time series comparisons of observed wave heights and simulated wave heights during (a) 25 December 2023 to 05 February 2024 along the WB1 tracks; (b) 28 January 2024 to 21 February 2024 along the WB2 tracks. The grey dots, red and blue lines represent the results of observations, SWAN model (ST6) and SWAN model (Komen), respectively

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图 9 WB3观测有效波高与SWAN模拟的有效波高的时间序列对比图。灰色代表浮标观测的有效波高，红色和蓝色实线分别代表采用ST6方案和Komen方案的SWAN模拟结果，青色背景代表海冰覆盖时段

Fig. 9 Time series comparisons of observed wave heights and simulated wave heights of WB3. The grey, red and blue lines represent the results of observations, SWAN model (ST6) and SWAN model (Komen), respectively. Cyan backgrounds represent the period in which the buoy was in ice region

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图 10 SWAN模拟的冬季渤海平均有效波高分布（a）2024年1月1日至2024年1月31日（b）2025年1月1日至2025年1月31日

Fig. 10 Simulated average significant wave height in Bohai Sea from (a) 1 January 2024 to 31 January 2024; (b) 1 January 2025 to 31 January 2025

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表 1 浮标投放信息

Tab. 1 Information of drifting buoys

浮标编号	投放日期	投放位置	持续时间/d	观测间隔/h
WB1	2023年12月25日	121.3°E, 40.4°N	74	0.5
WB2	2024年01月28日	121.2°E, 39.4°N	24	0.5
WB3	2024年12月28日	121.5°E, 40.6°N	41	0.5

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表 2 浮标观测波高极值对应的海况

Tab. 2 Sea condition in buoy location when high wave heights are observed

观测时间	浮标	浮标位置	波高(m)	风速(m/s)	海冰状况
1月10日14时	WB1	121.3°E，40.4°N	3.2	12.7	临近冰区
2月01日02时	WB2	120.6°E，39.6°N	2.5	13.3	临近冰区
2月20日00时	WB2	119.3°E，38.9°N	3.6	15.2	远离冰区

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表 3 SWAN源项设置

Tab. 3 The source terms used in the SWAN model

源项	参数化方案
风输入项	Komen^[27]和ST6^[28]方案
白冠耗散项	Komen方案^[29]
三波相互作用项	LTA方案^[30]
四波相互作用项	DIA方案^[31]
底摩擦项	JONSWAP方案^[32]
深度诱导破碎项	Battjes和Janssen方案^[33]
海冰耗散项	IC4M2^[25]与M18^[26]方案

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表 4 波浪浮标对应的模拟结果与观测结果的平均误差与均方根误差（单位：m）

Tab. 4 Mean deviation (MD) and root mean square error (RMSE) between observations and simulations (Unit: m)

方案名	IC0		IC4M2		M18
方案名	MD	RMSE	MD	RMSE	MD	RMSE
WB1	0.34	0.61	0.25	0.57	0.01	0.45
WB2	0.45	0.60	0.36	0.51	0.20	0.34
WB3	0.17	0.45	0.01	0.40	−0.01	0.34

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表 5 不同风输入项对应模拟结果与观测的平均误差与均方根误差（单位：m）

Tab. 5 Mean deviation (MD) and root mean square error (RMSE) between observations and simulations of different wind-input terms (Unit: m)

方案名	Komen		ST6
方案名	MD	RMSE	MD	RMSE
WB1	0.01	0.45	−0.01	0.46
WB2	0.20	0.34	0.19	0.32
WB3	−0.01	0.34	−0.01	0.35
WB3有冰	−0.09	0.30	−0.08	0.32
WB3无冰	0.05	0.36	0.03	0.37

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