A preliminary investigation of spatial and temporal distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in the Meizhou Bay
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摘要: 为了解湄洲湾海域表层沉积物中甲藻孢囊的时空分布特征，于2018年5月(春)、8月(夏)、11月(秋)和2019年2月(冬)采集湄洲湾海域7个站位表层沉积物样品，进行甲藻孢囊分析，共鉴定出甲藻孢囊6大类42种和2种未知种。异养型甲藻孢囊种类数和丰度均高于自养型甲藻孢囊，其中又以原多甲藻类孢囊的种类和丰度最高。季节间差异不明显：种类数介于34～38种之间，丰度则在397.8～569.5 cysts/g之间变化，全年平均丰度448.0 cysts/g。工业区附近的站位种类数和丰度均低于养殖区附近的站位和对照点。优势种高达16种，原多甲藻类占绝对优势，但全部优势种优势度均不大。多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数均较高，全年的平均值分别为3.45、1.55和0.92。与历史资料对比，新发现19种孢囊，但丰度相差不大。另需注意的是，在湄洲湾海域共发现6种有毒甲藻孢囊，虽然全年丰度均不高，但仍有暴发有毒赤潮的危险，需引起重视。Abstract: To investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in surface sediment of Meizhou Bay, surface sediment was sampled at 7 stations in Meizhou Bay in May 2018 (spring), August 2018 (summer), November 2018 (autumn) and February 2019 (winter) for analysis of dinoflagellate cysts. In total, 42 species representing 6 groups, and 2 uncertain taxa were identified. The species number and abundance of heterotrophic species were higher than those of autotrophic species, and among them the species number and abundance of the protoperidinioid group were the highest. Seasonal difference was not obvious: the species number ranged from 34 to 38, and the abundance varied from 397.8 to 569.5 cysts/g with the annual average of 448.0 cysts/g. The species number and abundance of species at stations near the industrial zone were lower than those near the aquaculture area. There were 16 dominant species, among which the protoperidinioid group had an absolute advantage, but the dominance degree of all these dominant species was not large. Diversity index, richness index and evenness index were high, with the annual average of 3.45, 1.55 and 0.92, respectively. Compared with historical data, 19 new cysts were recognized, but the abundance was not much different. It should also be noted that a total of 6 toxic dinoflagellate cysts were found in the waters of the Meizhou Bay. Although the annual abundance was not high, there is still a risk of toxic red tides, which should be taken seriously.
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图 1 湄洲湾海域甲藻孢囊监测站位
Fig. 1 Monitoring stations of dinoflagellate cysts in the Meizhou Bay
图 2 湄洲湾海域甲藻孢囊种类数季节分布
Fig. 2 Seasonal distribution of species number of dinoflagellate cysts in the Meizhou Bay
图 3 湄洲湾海域甲藻孢囊种类数时空分布
Fig. 3 Spatial and temporal distribution of species number of dinoflagellate cysts in the Meizhou Bay
图 4 湄洲湾海域甲藻孢囊丰度季节变化
Fig. 4 Seasonal variation of abundance of dinoflagellate cysts in Meizhou Bay
图 5 湄洲湾海域甲藻孢囊丰度时空分布
Fig. 5 Spatial and temporal distribution of dinoflagellate cysts abundance in the Meizhou Bay
图 6 湄洲湾不同区域甲藻孢囊丰度时空分布
Fig. 6 Spatial and temporal distribution of dinoflagellate cysts abundance in different areas of the Meizhou Bay
图 7 湄洲湾海域甲藻孢囊优势种及未知种显微照片
a. 链状裸甲藻；b. 褐色原多甲藻；c. 原多甲藻sp.3；d. 原多甲藻sp.4；e. 锥形原多甲藻；f. 窄角原多甲藻；g. 原多甲藻sp.2；h. 科夫多沟藻；i. 卵型狄坡藻；j. 微小/相似亚历山大藻；k. 多边舌甲藻；l. 赛裸原多甲藻；m. 微小原多甲藻；n. 宽刺原多甲藻；o. 原多甲藻sp.5；p. 无纹多沟藻；q. 未知1；r. 未知2
Fig. 7 Dominant species and unknown species of dinoflagellate cysts in the Meizhou Bay
a. Gymnodinium catenatum； b. Protoperidinium avellana； c. Protoperidinium sp.3； d. Protoperidinium sp.4； e. Protoperidinium conicum； f. Protoperidinium claudicans； g. Protoperidinium sp.2； h. Polykrikos kofoidoii； i. Diplopsalis ovata； j. Alexandrium minutum/affine； k. Lingulodinium polyedra； l. Protoperidinium subinerme； m. Protoperidinium minutum； n. Protoperidinium latissimum； o. Protoperidinium sp.5； p. Polykrikos schwartzii； q. Unknown species 1； r. Unknown species 2
图 8 湄洲湾海域甲藻孢囊物种多样性季节变化
Fig. 8 Seasonal variation of species diversity of dinoflagellate cysts in the Meizhou Bay
图 9 湄洲湾海域甲藻孢囊物种多样性
Fig. 9 Species diversity of dinoflagellate cysts in the Meizhou Bay
表 1 湄洲湾海域甲藻孢囊名录
Tab. 1 Dinoflagellate cysts in the Meizhou Bay
中文学名 拉丁文学名 春 夏 秋 冬 自养型孢囊 Autotrophic species 膝沟藻类 Gonyaulacoid group 微小/相似亚历山大藻* Alexandrium minutum/affine + + + + 塔玛/链状亚历山大藻* Alexandrium tamarense/catenella + + 多边舌甲藻* Lingulodinium polyedra + + + + 网状原角藻* Protoceratium reticulatum + + + + 斯氏膝沟藻 Gonyaulax scrippsae + + + 具刺膝沟藻* Gonyaulax spinifera + + + 膝沟藻sp. Gonyaulax sp. + + + + 裸甲藻类 Gymnodinioid group 链状裸甲藻* Gymnodinium catenatum + + + + 旋沟藻sp.1 Cochlodinium sp.1 + + 旋沟藻sp.2 Cochlodinium sp.2 + + 哈曼褐多沟藻 Pheopolykrikos hartmannii + + + + 钙质类 Calcoidinellid group 锥状斯氏藻 Scrippsiella trochoidea + + + 前头斯氏藻 Scrippsiella precaria + + 斯氏藻sp. Scrippsiella sp. + + 提勒五隔藻 Pentapharsodinium tyrrhenicum + Tuberculodinioid类 Tuberculodinioid group 窄形扁甲藻 Pyrophacus stenii + + + + 异养型孢囊 Heterotrophic species 裸甲藻类 Gymnodinioid group 科夫多沟藻 Polykrikos kofoidoii + + + + 无纹多沟藻 Polykrikos schwartzii + + + + 原多甲藻类 Protoperidinioid group 褐色原多甲藻 Protoperidinium avellana + + + + 五角原多甲藻 Protoperidinium pentagonum + + + + 锥腹原多甲藻 Protoperidinium conicoides + + + + 小齿原多甲藻 Protoperidinium denticulatum + + + + 赛裸原多甲藻 Protoperidinium subinerme + + + + 锥形原多甲藻 Protoperidinium conicum + + + + 长形原多甲藻 Protoperidinium oblongum + + + 窄角原多甲藻 Protoperidinium claudicans + + + + 分支原多甲藻 Protoperidinium divaricatum + + + + 
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表 2 湄洲湾海域甲藻孢囊优势种组成
Tab. 2 Composition of dominant species of dinoflagellate cysts in the Meizhou Bay
优势种 春季 夏季 秋季 冬季 平均丰度/cysts·g–1 占总丰度
比例/%优势度 平均丰度/cysts·g–1 占总丰度
比例/%优势度 平均丰度/cysts·g–1 占总丰度
比例/%优势度 平均丰度/cysts·g–1 占总丰度
比例/%优势度 链状裸甲藻 20.5 3.61 0.031 22.1 5.36 0.054 20.5 4.99 0.043 20.0 5.03 0.036 褐色原多甲藻 22.6 3.96 0.023 24.4 5.92 0.034 30.7 7.45 0.053 34.3 8.63 0.073 原多甲藻sp.3 39.5 6.94 0.070 32.9 7.96 0.068 46.7 11.34 0.081 19.8 4.98 0.035 原多甲藻sp.4 23.3 4.09 0.035 17.6 4.27 0.031 21.4 5.18 0.022 17.4 4.36 0.025 锥形原多甲藻 22.3 3.91 0.022 26.0 6.29 0.054 25.3 6.14 0.044 窄角原多甲藻 45.5 8.00 0.069 33.8 8.20 0.070 31.2 7.57 0.065 原多甲藻sp.2 29.6 5.20 0.030 41.7 10.10 0.101 35.0 8.80 0.050 科夫多沟藻 26.6 4.68 0.040 23.3 5.63 0.040 37.5 9.43 0.067 卵型狄坡藻 135.2 23.74 0.205 27.7 6.70 0.038 23.7 5.97 0.051 微小/相似亚历山大藻 18.1 4.40 0.025 17.0 4.27 0.024 多边舌甲藻 18.1 4.40 0.038 27.6 6.94 0.059 赛裸原多甲藻 15.5 2.73 0.023 微小原多甲藻 35.3 6.20 0.036 宽刺原多甲藻 16.6 4.01 0.034 原多甲藻sp.5 24.0 5.80 0.041 无纹多沟藻 16.4 3.98 0.028
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