2018年南黄海浒苔绿潮迁移发展规律与营养盐相互关系探究

张海波; 刘珂; 苏荣国; 石晓勇; 裴绍峰; 王修林; 王国善; 王爽

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.08.004

2018年南黄海浒苔绿潮迁移发展规律与营养盐相互关系探究

doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.08.004

张海波^1,,
刘珂¹,
苏荣国¹,
石晓勇^{1, 2, ,},
裴绍峰³,
王修林¹,
王国善²,
王爽¹

1.
中国海洋大学化学化工学院，山东青岛 266100
2.
自然资源部海洋减灾中心，北京 100194
3.
中国地质调查局滨海湿地生物地质重点实验室，山东青岛 266071

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划（2016YFC1402101）；中央高校基本科研业务费专项（201961011）；国家自然科学基金（41306175）；国家海洋局海洋减灾中心科研项目（2014AA060）。

详细信息

作者简介:
张海波(1990-)，男，山东省枣庄市人，博士，主要从事海洋富营养化、近海生态环境演变研究。E-mail：zhanghb1990@163.com

通讯作者:
石晓勇，教授，主要从事近海水体富营养化，赤潮、绿潮灾害生消机制研究。E-mail：shixy@ouc.edu.cn

中图分类号: X55；Q178.53；P76
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2020-03-31
- 修回日期: 2020-06-02
- 网络出版日期: 2020-11-18
- 刊出日期: 2020-08-25

Study on the coupling relationship between the development of Ulva prolifera green tide and nutrients in the southern Yellow Sea in 2018

1.
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
2.
National Marine Hazard Mitigation Service, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100194, China
3.
Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Biogeosciences, China Geological Survey, Qingdao 266071, China

摘要

摘要: 根据2018年4月(春季，绿潮前期)和7月(夏季，绿潮后期) 南黄海营养盐、温度、盐度等水文参数及每日绿潮卫星监测数据，深入分析2018年绿潮的发展规律与营养盐结构特征之间的关系。结果表明：4月25在江苏南通外海首次发现浒苔绿潮，8月中旬在山东半岛近海消亡，其发展区域集中在122°E以西近海，且快速增殖阶段处在35°N以南江苏近海。各组分的营养盐浓度受沿岸径流、冷水团及生物作用等因素影响，均呈现江苏近海高外海以及北部低的特征。对比绿潮发展和营养盐分布呈现3个明显的绿潮−营养盐特征区域：高营养盐−绿潮快速发展区域(35°N以南，122°E 以西，江苏近海)；低营养盐−绿潮消亡区域(35°N以北，122°E 以西，山东半岛外海域)及122°E以东外海无绿潮区域。不同特征区营养盐变化表明，江苏近岸较高的营养盐含量(${\rm{NO}}_3^- $-N>6.5 μmol/L, ${\rm{PO}}_4^{3-} $-P>0.27 μmol/L)和丰富来源是浒苔萌发和绿潮快速发展的重要物质基础，为绿潮发展提供了主要的氮、磷生源要素。北部山东半岛南外海较低的营养盐水平(7月，DIN<2 μmol/L, ${\rm{PO}}_4^{3-} $-P<0.03 μmol/L)是限制绿潮继续发展的重要因素。
- 绿潮 /
- 浒苔 /
- 营养盐 /
- 发展阶段 /
- 南黄海 /
- 时空变化
Abstract: Based on the nutrients and hydrological environment parameters collected during April (spring, before green tides) and July (summer, later stage of green tides) cruise, and the daily satellite monitoring data of green tides in the southern Yellow Sea (SYS) in 2018, we studied the spatio-temporal variations of the floating Ulva prolifera green tide and it's relationship with nutrients. The results showed that small scales of floating U. prolifera patches were firstly observed in the coastal area of Nantong, Jiangsu Province on April 25, and decomposed and disappeared in the coast of Shandong Peninsula in the mid-August. The trajectory area of floating green tides was mainly in the western of 122°E in the SYS, and the rapid growth phase of green tides existed in the south of 35°N, nearshore area of Jiangsu Province. Nutrients showed regional characteristics of high values in the coastal area of Jiangsu Province and low values in the offshore of the northern and eastern parts of the study area, which influenced by the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass, freshwater influx, biological uptake and utilization, and other factors. Compared with the development trend of green tides and distributions of nutrients, there were three distinct characteristic zones with different nutrients conditions and stages of green tides: the coastal area of Jiangsu Province (south of 35°N, east of 122°E), characterized with high-value nutrients and rapid growth of green tides; the offshore area of Shandong Peninsula (north of 35°N, east of 122°E), characterized with low nutrients and dissipation phase of green tides; the east sea of 122°E, characterized with no green tides. The nutrients variations in different characteristic zones indicated that rich and sufficient nutrients (${\rm{NO}}_3^- $-N>6.5 μmol/L, ${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $-P>0.27 μmol/L), and continuous nutrients inputs were the main factors contributing the germination and rapid growth of U. prolifera, and provided main N, P elements for the development of green tides in the coastal area of Jiangsu Province. The poor nutrients (DIN<2 μmol/L, ${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $-P<0.03 μmol/L in summer) might be the limiting factor limiting the continuous development of green tides in the offshore ocean of the Shandong Peninsula.
- green tides /
- Ulva prolifera /
- nutrients /
- development phases /
- southern Yellow Sea /
- spatio-temporal variations

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图 1 南黄海研究区域洋流系统（a）及站位设置（b， c）

1. 鲁北沿岸流；2. 黄海沿岸流和苏北沿岸流；3. 长江冲淡水−台湾暖流；4. 黄海暖流；5. 青岛冷水团（春季）；6. 黄海冷水团（夏季、秋季）；A. 苏北沿岸径流

Fig. 1 The current system (a) and sampling stations (b, c) in the study area of the southern Yellow Sea

1. Lubei Coastal Current; 2. Yellow Sea Coastal Current and Subei Coastal Current; 3. Changjiang Diluted Water and Taiwan Warm Current; 4. Yellow Sea Warm Current; 5. Qingdao Cold Water Mass (Spring); 6. Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass (Summer, Autumn); A. Subei Coastal Diluted Water

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图 2 2018年南黄海漂浮浒苔绿潮规模（多边形为绿潮边界范围）和位置发展变化特征

Fig. 2 The development of floating Ulva prolifera green tide in the southern Yellow Sea in 2018

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图 3 春季（2018年4月）南黄海各水层营养盐分布

Fig. 3 Horizontal distributions of nutrients in the southern Yellow Sea in spring （April 2018）

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图 4 夏季（2018年7月）南黄海各水层营养盐分布

Fig. 4 Horizontal distributions of nutrients in the southern Yellow Sea in summer （July 2018）

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图 5 2003−2018年江苏近岸海水主要观测站点（a）和水质标准分布（b）

海水水质标准(GB 3097—1997)

Fig. 5 The sampling stations (a) and the water quality in coastal area of the Jiangsu Province during 2003−2018 (b)

Sea water quality standard (GB 3097—1997)

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表 1 南黄海调查海域春、夏季不同水团中温度（T）、盐度（S）、营养盐浓度

Tab. 1 Salinity, temperature, nutrient concentrations in different water-masses of the study area in the southern Yellow Sea during spring and summer

	2018年4月
	整体	表层	中层	底层	沿岸水	冷水团	黄海暖流
特征	−	−	−	−	S<30	T<6.98℃	S>33
样品数/个	−	59	59	59	8	19	17
T/℃	9.21±2.60	10.77±2.87	8.06±1.51	7.96±1.58	14.11±1.2	5.64±0.92	9.38±1.11
S	32.19±1.04	31.71±1.33	32.55±0.44	32.6±0.50	29.12±0.90	32.36±0.08	33.28±0.25
TSP/mg·L⁻¹	70.42±85.14	85.14±89.78	51.87±74.19	70.46±90.06	106.75±17.12	17.99±2.54	32.15±27.61
${\rm{NO}}_3^- $-N/μmol·L⁻¹	7.61±8.75	10.48±11.8	4.72±3.71	5.75±3.94	33.77±10.59	1.16±1.18	5.91±1.41
${\rm{NO}}_2^- $-N/μmol·L⁻¹	0.14±0.10	0.14±0.09	0.15±0.10	0.15±0.11	0.20±0.04	0.07±0.05	0.22±0.11
${\rm{NH}}_4^+ $-N/μmol·L⁻¹	1.11±0.66	0.94±0.56	1.19±0.73	1.3±0.69	1.18±1.00	1.65±0.50	0.70±0.34
DIN/μmol·L⁻¹	8.86±8.71	11.56±11.88	6.06±3.57	7.21±3.79	35.15±10.58	2.89±1.35	6.83±1.45
${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $-P/μmol·L⁻¹	0.30±0.18	0.25±0.17	0.32±0.17	0.35±0.19	0.47±0.17	0.12±0.10	0.47±0.10
${\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-} $-Si/μmol·L⁻¹	8.52±5.59	9.49±6.80	7.24±4.23	8.07±4.39	20.85±4.66	2.26±2.14	10.17±1.49
N/P	42.47±69.29	59.7±77.94	23.05±14.48	37.11±82.74	80.5±29.99	63.13±114.49	14.54±1.67
Si/N	1.13±0.62	1.13±0.81	1.17±0.46	1.08±0.36	0.61±0.09	0.70±0.45	1.54±0.32
Si/P	34.16±37.47	44.74±41.22	22.5±8.19	30.05±44.86	50.16±26.33	31.52±63.13	22.46±5.69

	2018年7月
	整体	表层	真光层	中层	底层	沿岸水	冷水团
特征	−	−	−	−	−	S<30	T<14℃
样品数/个	−	61	35	39	61	15	43
T/℃	20.20±6.85	25.00±1.73	23.69±3.35	16.32±6.29	14.23±6.98	24.79±1.64	9.84±1.72
S	31.63±1.26	30.6±1.32	31.69±0.65	32.44±0.61	32.47±0.55	28.66±0.82	32.7±0.24
TSP/mg·L⁻¹	27.46±24.99	38.56±37.13	19.76±8.88	19.88±8.23	25.32±12.53	70.98±47.07	19.39±4.15
${\rm{NO}}_3^- $-N/μmol·L⁻¹	4.85±5.29	6.18±6.87	3.02±3.93	3.88±3.86	5.67±3.62	15.18±6.03	4.37±3.08
${\rm{NO}}_2^- $-N/μmol·L⁻¹	0.39±0.47	0.37±0.34	0.51±0.62	0.46±0.57	0.46±0.54	0.45±0.32	0.13±0.15
${\rm{NH}}_4^+ $-N/μmol·L⁻¹	0.87±0.82	1.25±1.05	0.75±0.54	0.61±0.48	0.66±0.57	1.82±1.41	0.50±0.46
DIN/μmol·L⁻¹	6.09±5.92	7.79±7.60	4.23±4.75	4.95±4.47	6.78±3.94	17.45±6.32	5.00±2.93
${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $-P/μmol·L⁻¹	0.19±0.21	0.13±0.17	0.10±0.13	0.21±0.19	0.36±0.23	0.31±0.23	0.37±0.23
${\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-} $-Si/μmol·L⁻¹	7.33±6.36	6.58±5.96	6.51±7.73	7.96±6.86	10.38±6.04	12.67±6.01	7.44±3.92
N/P	58.23±72.72	84.9±65.10	71.52±110.12	32.5±34.9	28.19±26.13	87.4±54.9	17.84±20.49
Si/N	2.30±3.40	1.91±2.43	3.85±6.23	1.95±1.01	1.62±0.44	0.74±0.38	1.75±0.74
Si/P	75.23±99.38	97.83±134.98	100.48±85.99	51.87±46.58	42.24±34.95	65.48±57.29	27.00±21.25
注：−表示无数据。

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表 2 调查海域绿潮暴发前后浒苔漂移区域与非浒苔区域表层营养盐对比

Tab. 2 The variations of nutrients and hydrological parameters of surface layer in different development phases area of green tides

调查海域表层	浒苔绿潮漂移海域
	122°E以西海域			35°N以南高营养盐区域
	2018年4月	2018年7月	变化量/%	2018年4月	2018年7月	变化量/%
样品数/个	33	33		25	24
T/℃	11.80±3.30	23.84±1.09	12.04/108	13.34±1.99	23.63±1.03	10.29/77
S	31.03±1.39	30.28±1.19	−0.75/2	30.61±1.35	30.01±1.26	−0.60/2
TSP/mg·L⁻¹	125.04±100.12	60.66±41.23	−64.38/51	159.28±91.24	82.71±30.84	−76.57/48
${\rm{NO}}_3^- $-N/μmol·L⁻¹	14.52±14.19	8.46±7.38	−6.06/42	18.98±13.51	11.25±6.75	−7.73/41
${\rm{NO}}_2^- $-N/μmol·L⁻¹	0.15±0.09	0.38±0.27	0.23/153	0.18±0.08	0.46±0.25	0.28/156
${\rm{NH}}_4^+ $-N/μmol·L⁻¹	1.05±0.64	1.43±0.97	0.38/36	1.00±0.69	1.72±0.97	0.72/72
DIN/μmol·L⁻¹	15.72±14.23	10.27±7.78	−5.45/37	20.16±13.60	13.43±6.74	−6.73/33
${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $-P/μmol·L⁻¹	0.22±0.19	0.17±0.20	−0.05/23	0.28±0.19	0.23±0.21	−0.05/18
N/P	81.9±90.18	97.91±60.73	16/19	92.64±99.58	91.17±55.59	−1.47/2

调查海域表层	浒苔绿潮漂移海域			非浒苔漂移海域
	35°N以北低营养盐区域			122°E以东外海
	2018年4月	2018年7月	变化量/%	2018年4月	2018年7月	变化量/%
样品数/个	8	9		27	29
T/℃	7.00±1.10	24.41±1.09	17.41/249	9.58±1.52	26.28±1.34	16.7/174
S	32.34±0.07	31.00±0.48	−1.34/4	32.56±0.48	31.00±1.37	−1.56/5
TSP/mg·L⁻¹	18.03±2.31	14.13±2.54	−3.9/22	38.44±38.49	18.08±13.89	−20.36/53
${\rm{NO}}_3^- $-N/μmol·L⁻¹	0.59±1.11	1.01±1.11	0.42/71	5.37±3.99	3.72±5.18	−1.65/31
${\rm{NO}}_2^- $-N/μmol·L⁻¹	0.04±0.03	0.17±0.21	0.13/325	0.13±0.09	0.38±0.42	0.25/192
${\rm{NH}}_4^+ $-N/μmol·L⁻¹	1.20±0.46	0.67±0.39	−0.53/44	0.79±0.41	1.05±1.11	0.26/33
DIN/μmol·L⁻¹	1.83±1.15	1.83±1.24	0/0	6.28±3.94	5.12±6.38	−1.16/18
${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $-P/μmol·L⁻¹	0.05±0.01	0.02±0.01	−0.03/60	0.29±0.14	0.08±0.10	−0.21/72
N/P	48.34±38.44	115.9±73.25	67.56/140	33.78±47.56	68.7±66.74	34.92/103

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