Community structure of macro-fouling organisms in the northeastern waters of the Pingtan Island, East China Sea
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摘要: 于2017年6月至2018年5月在平潭岛东北部近岸海域开展污损生物生态研究，探讨了该海域大型污损生物的群落结构特点及演替趋势。周年模拟挂板试验结果显示，该海域大型污损生物隶属13门92种，以广分布暖水种为主，其中主要优势种为营固着生活的网纹藤壶(Amphibalanus reticulatus)、大室别藻苔虫(Biflustra grandicella)、三角藤壶(Balanus trigonus)和中胚花筒螅(Ectopleura crocea)，以及自由生活的廉形叶钩虾(Jassa falcata)和齿掌细身钩虾(Maeropsis serratipalma)等。虽然该海域全年均有生物附着，但附着强度的季节性差异显著，附着盛期为6月至8月(生物量介于7 326.0～12 970.0 g/m2之间，以湿质量计)，12月至次年2月(生物量介于39.5～1 580.5 g/m2之间)为附着淡季，而且污损生物摄食类型以悬浮物食者为主。温度和盐度是影响污损生物附着和分布的主要环境因素，水体透明度、水动力条件、地表径流和养殖等人类活动对污损生物的分布也有重要影响。Abstract: To better understand the ecological characteristics of the macro-fouling community in the northeastern waters of Pingtan Island, East China Sea, a study was conducted by test panels from June 2017 to May 2018. A total of 92 species of fouling organisms belonging to 13 phyla were recorded. The community composition was dominated by coastal warm-water species, and the main dominant species were sessile Amphibalanus reticulatus, Biflustra grandicella, Balanus trigonus, Ectopleura crocea, and motile Jassa falcata, and Maeropsis serratipalma. Bioattachment occurred throughout the year, the main period of settlement extended from June to August (the biomass ranged from 7 326.0 g/m2 to 12 970.0 g/m2), and the off-seasons of settlement extended from December to February of next year (the biomass ranged from 39.5 g/m2 to 1 580.5 g/m2). The main functional feeding group of macro-fouling organisms was suspension feeder. Temperature and salinity were the most important environmental factors affecting the geographical distribution of macro-fouling organisms. Water transparency, hydrodynamic conditions, surface runoff as well as human activity (such as aquaculture production) also had important impact on the settlement of macro-fouling organisms.
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Key words:
- Pingtan Island /
- macro-fouling /
- community structure /
- functional groups
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图 2 试验站位2017年6月至2018年5月温度变化趋势
Fig. 2 The temperature in sampling location during June 2017 to May 2018
图 3 污损生物群落聚类分析和非度量多维标度排序
T: 表层板; B：底层板; sp: 春季; su: 夏季; au: 秋季; wi: 冬季; fh: 上半年板; sh: 下半年板; an: 年板
Fig. 3 Cluster and nonmetric multidimensional scaling plots based on biomass of the macro-fouling
T: top test panel; B：bottom test panel; sp: spring; su: summer; au: autumn; wi: winter; fh: first half test panel; sh: second half test panel; an: annual test panel
图 4 污损生物主要优势种的附着季节
Fig. 4 The settlement period and peak time of main fouling organisms
图 5 大型污损生物群落中各摄食功能群所占百分比（相对附着生物量）
C: 肉食者; D: 碎屑食者; H: 植食者; O: 杂食者; PP: 初级生产者; S: 悬浮物食者
Fig. 5 The relative biomass of the macro-fouling functional feeding groups
C: carnivorous group; D: detritivorous group; H: herbivorous group; O: omnivorous group; PP: primary producers; S: suspension feeder
图 7 不同类型污损生物的相对附着生物量
A: 半固着生活; M: 活动生活; SE: 固着生活
Fig. 7 The relative biomass of different lifestyle groups of macro-fouling
A: attached; M: motile; SE: sessile
表 1 污损生物优势种
Tab. 1 The dominant species of the macro-fouling
门类 种类 密度/ind.·m−2 生物量/g·m−2 IRI 生活方式 摄食功能群 节肢动物 网纹藤壶 4 540 2 065.2 4 116 固着 悬浮物食者 节肢动物 廉形叶钩虾 3 916 4.1 1 213 自由活动 悬浮物食者 苔藓动物 大室别藻苔虫 40 310.9 754 固着 悬浮物食者 节肢动物 三角藤壶 1 262 649.6 750 固着 悬浮物食者 节肢动物 齿掌细身钩虾 2 585 2.4 579 自由活动 肉食者 节肢动物 加尔板钩虾 653 0.7 181 自由活动 肉食者 环节动物 细毛背鳞虫 497 21.2 181 自由活动 肉食者 节肢动物 四角细身钩虾 1 222 0.7 143 自由活动 杂食者 刺胞动物 中胚花筒螅 27 69.0 117 固着 悬浮物食者 软体动物 翡翠贻贝 285 17.6 100 半固着 悬浮物食者 
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表 2 表层板大型污损生物附着状况
Tab. 2 The settlement level of the macro-fouling on the top test panels
板别 附着厚度
/mm覆盖面
积率/%密度
/ind.·m−2生物量
/g·m−2生物量百分比/% 藻类 刺胞
动物环节
动物软体
动物节肢
动物苔藓
动物扁形
动物纽形
动物星虫
动物棘皮
动物脊索
动物春(3−5月) 17±22 100±0 19 275±3 040 387.4±294.9 38.7 3.1 4.9 4.6 13.3 34.9 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 夏(6−8月) 13±0 100±0 26 625±7 319 11 917.8±1 488.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 99.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 秋(9−11月) 4±2 86±11 2 714±2 423 564.9±631.8 2.5 0.8 0.0 2.6 92.7 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 冬(12−2月) 13±1 100±0 15 950±4 917 804.0±526.9 15.4 82.0 0.2 0.0 1.4 0.8 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 上半年(12−5月) 17±3 100±0 5 575±768 1 061.0±410.9 13.1 22.8 3.5 1.1 6.8 52.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 下半年(6−11月) 15±2 100±0 18 863±2 000 11 049.9±1 413.9 0.0 0.1 0.1 1.2 98.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 周年(全年) 24±10 100±0 99 625±33 650 11 005.6±4 113.9 1.8 1.3 1.5 1.5 69.7 22.6 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 1.3
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表 3 底层板污损生物附着状况
Tab. 3 The settlement level of the macro-fouling on the bottom test panels
板别 附着厚度
/mm覆盖面
积率/%密度
/ind.·m−2生物量
/g·m−2生物量百分比/% 藻类 刺胞
动物环节
动物软体
动物节肢
动物苔藓
动物扁形
动物纽形
动物星虫
动物棘皮
动物脊索
动物春(3−5月) 15±12 100±0 11 825±5 053 405.3±228.5 0.0 31.0 4.5 0.6 55.1 8.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 夏(6−8月) 12±3 100±0 35 575±16 228 9 929.0±3 681.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 1.0 98.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 秋(9−11月) 15±8 74±37 11 350±8 344 1882.5±567.8 0.0 0.8 0.2 6.7 91.6 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 冬(12−2月) 14±1 24±10 3 413±3 887 93.4±36.0 15.9 76.2 0.0 0.0 3.2 4.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 上半年(12−5月) 10±5 100±0 7 925±1 785 1 099.0±677.4 0.0 9.5 1.9 0.2 54.2 34.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 下半年(6−11月) 15±1 100±0 16 275±1 520 7 584.8±906.2 0.0 0.1 0.4 6.5 92.8 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 周年(全年) 38±17 100±0 10 660±1 966 4 421.3±505.2 0.0 2.7 4.1 0.6 57.5 34.6 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0
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A1 大型污损生物种类组成
A1 The species composition of macro-fouling
种类 表层 底层 春 夏 秋 冬 合计 春 夏 秋 冬 合计 总计 大型藻类 1 2 1 1 5 0 0 0 2 2 5 刺胞动物 1 0 1 2 2 3 3 2 1 3 5 扁形动物 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 2 纽形动物 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 环节动物 8 7 0 3 11 5 6 3 0 10 23 星虫动物 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 软体动物 5 1 1 0 5 4 6 2 0 8 17 节肢动物 14 8 1 9 21 17 9 6 6 24 31 苔藓动物 2 2 2 1 3 2 1 1 1 2 3 棘皮动物 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 脊索动物 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 合计 33 21 6 17 50 32 27 14 10 51 92
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A2 大型污损生物物种名录
A2 The list of macro-fouling organisms
中文名 拉丁文名 功能群 生活方式 褐藻 Ochrophyta 鹅肠菜 Petalonia binghamiae PP SE 水云 Ectocarpus siliculosus PP SE 红藻 Rhodophyta 江蓠 Gracilaria sp. PP SE 绿藻 Chlorophyta 花石莼 Ulva conglobata PP SE 裂片石莼 Ulva lactuca PP SE 刺胞动物 Cnidaria 侧花海葵 Anthopleura sp. C A 双列笔螅 Pennaria disticha S SE 太平洋侧花海葵 Anthopleura nigrescens C A 亚洲侧花海葵 Anthopleura asiatica C A 中胚花筒螅 Ectopleura crocea S SE 纽形动物 Nemertea 笠藤壶线纽虫 Nemertopsis tetraclitophila C M 潘纽虫 Prosadenoporus sp. C M
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