The reduced winter vertical mixing in the subtropical oceans by the surface wave-induced mixing
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摘要: 上层海洋在全球气候系统中起着至关重要的作用。对上层海洋层结及混合的模拟偏差一直是海洋和气候数值模式发展中悬而未决的问题。本文首先评估了CMIP5中45个模式对上层海洋层结模拟的偏差，确认了冬季亚热带地区海洋模式垂向混合偏强。随后，基于自然资源部第一海洋研究所地球系统模式(FIO-ESM v1.0)，分别开展了1986−2005年期间包含和关闭海浪垂向混合情况下的数值实验，分析浪致混合对亚热带冬季海洋混合强度模拟的影响及机制。发现浪致混合使得气候模式中亚热带海域冬季的海洋层结增强，增强的层结使上层海洋更加稳定。首次揭示了增加浪致混合反而降低了海洋总体的垂向混合率：浪致混合使北半球冬季亚热带海域混合率从无浪实验的227 cm2/s降低到有浪实验的178 cm2/s，降低了21.6%；南半球冬季亚热带海域混合率从无浪实验的189 cm2/s降低到有浪实验的165 cm2/s，降低了12.7%。进一步分析发现，浪致混合主要是通过增加冬季亚热带海域上层海洋的热含量从而强化了海洋的层结，最终改善了气候模式对上层海洋混合的模拟。Abstract: The ocean mixing is one of the most important parameters in the global climate system. The simulation biases of the stratification and the ocean mixing are still open questions. Compared to observations, the simulated multi-model mean stratification during winter in the subtropical regions of both hemispheres shows week bias from 45 CMIP5 climate models. Our results from two numerical experiments using one of CMIP5 models, FIO-ESM v1.0, show that the non-breaking surface wave-induced vertical mixing can serve as a remedy. It increases the temperature of the upper ocean in winter which then stabilize the upper ocean and increase the stratification in subtropical regions. As a result, the stronger stratification restrains the ocean vertical mixing. The simulation of ocean mixing reduce from 227 cm/m2 to 178 cm/m2 in the north subtropical in winter, and from 189 cm/m2 to 165 cm/m2 in the south subtropical. They reduced by 21.6% and 12.7%, respectively. Further analysis indicated that the the surface wave-induced mixing strengthen the stratification by the increasing the upper ocean heat content and then improve the simulation of the ocean mixing.
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Key words:
- ocean mixing /
- surface wave-induced mixing /
- numerical model /
- winter /
- subtropical oceans
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图 1 CMIP5中45个模式模拟的南、北半球冬季亚热带地区上层海洋（2 000 m）平均层结强弱及多模式平均结果与观测结果的比较
Fig. 1 The averaged stratification in the subtropical regions of North Hemisphere and South Hemisphere during the boreal and austral winters from the 45 CMIP5 models, multi-model mean, and observations
图 2 浪致混合对南、北半球冬季亚热带地区上层海洋（2 000 m）平均层结强弱的影响
Fig. 2 The simulation of the averaged stratification in the subtropical regions of North Hemisphere and South Hemisphere for the cases with and without surface wave-induced mixing
图 3 多模式模拟的层结强度与实际观测强度偏差（MMM−Ob）和浪致混合贡献的偏差（Bv−noBv）的比较
Fig. 3 The difference of the multi-model mean and the observations (MMM−Ob) compared with the contribution of the surface wave-induced mixing (Bv−noBv)
图 4 有浪实验与无浪实验模拟的混合率之差
Fig. 4 The difference of mixing coefficient between the cases with and without surface wave-induced mixing
图 5 有浪实验与无浪实验模拟的海洋温度差（单位：℃）
Fig. 5 The difference of temperature between the cases with and without surface wave-induced mixing (unit: ℃)
图 6 南、北半球浪致混合引起的气候态月平均的上层海洋（0～2 000 m）温度变化
Fig. 6 The difference of climatological monthly averaged temperature of the upper ocean (0–2 000 m) in both the North Hemisphere and South Hemisphere for the cases with and without surface wave-induced mixing
表 1 CMIP5中45个气候模式情况
Tab. 1 The details of the 45 models of the CMIP5
序号 模式名称 研发机构 海洋模式 参考文献 1 ACCESS1-0 CSIRO-BOM MOM4P1 Bi[19] 2 ACCESS1-3 CSIRO-BOM MOM4P1 3 BCC-CSM1-1 BCC-CMA MOM4_L40 http://bcc.cma.gov.cn/bccsm/htm/ 4 BCC-CSM1-1-m BCC-CMA MOM4_L40 5 CanESM2 CCCMA CanOM4 Chylek等[20] 6 CCSM4 NCAR POP2 Danabasoglu等[21] 7 CESM1-BGC NSF-DOE-NCAR POP2 8 CESM1-CAM5 NSF-DOE-NCAR POP2 9 CESM1-CAM5-1-FV2 NSF-DOE-NCAR POP2 10 CESM1-FASTCHEM NSF-DOE-NCAR POP2 11 CESM1-WACCM NSF-DOE-NCAR POP2 12 CMCC-CESM CMCC OPA8.2 Madec等[22] 13 CMCC-CM CMCC OPA8.2 14 CMCC-CMS CMCC OPA8.2 15 CNRM-CM5 CNRM-CEFACS NEMOv3.3 Voldoire等[23] 16 CSIRO-Mk3-6-0 CSIRO-QCCCE MOM2.2 Gordon等[24] 17 FGOALS-g2 LASG-CESS LICOM2 Bao等[25] 18 FIO-ESM FIO-SOA POP2 Qiao等[15] 19 GFDL-CM2p1 NOAA-GFDL MOM4.0 Griffies等[26] 20 GFDL-CM3 NOAA-GFDL MOM4P1 21 GFDL-ESM2G NOAA-GFDL GOLD Dunne等[27] 22 GFDL-ESM2M NOAA-GFDL MOM4P1 23 GISS-E2-H GISS-NASA HYCOM Sun和Bleck[28] 24 GISS-E2-H-CC GISS-NASA HYCOM 25 GISS-E2-R GISS-NASA Russell Liu等[29] 26 GISS-E2-R-CC GISS-NASA Russell 27 HadCM3 MOHC HadOM3 Gordon等[30] 28 HadGEM2-AO NMA/KMAMOHC HadGOM2 Martin等[31] 29 HadGEM2-CC NMA/KMAMOHC HadGOM2 Johns等[32] 30 HadGEM2-ES NMA/KMAMOHC HadGOM2 31 INMCM4 INM INMOM Johns等[32] 32 IPSL-CM5A-LR IPSL NEMO2.3 Dufresne等[33] 33 IPSL-CM5A-MR IPSL NEMO2.3 34 IPSL-CM5B-LR IPSL NEMO2.3 35 MIROC4h MIROC COCO3.4 Sakamoto等[34] 
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