渤海沉积物重金属环境质量评价及其影响因素

朱爱美; 张辉; 崔菁菁; 胡宁静; 刘季花

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.013

渤海沉积物重金属环境质量评价及其影响因素

doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.013

朱爱美^{1, 2,},
张辉^{1, 2},
崔菁菁^{1, 2},
胡宁静^{1, 2, 3},
刘季花^{1, 2, 3, ,}

1.
自然资源部第一海洋研究所，山东青岛 266061
2.
自然资源部海洋沉积与环境地质重点实验室，山东青岛 266061
3.
青岛国家海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室海洋地质过程与环境功能实验室，山东青岛 266061

基金项目: 海洋公益性行业科研专项经费项目（201205003）；国际海底区域开发“十三五”课题（DY135-R2-1-03）。

详细信息

作者简介:
朱爱美（1982—），女，江苏省如东县人，高级工程师，主要从事分析化学及海洋地球化学研究。E-mail：zhuaimei@fio.org.cn

通讯作者:
刘季花（1965—），女，山西省太西县人，研究员，主要从事海洋沉积地球化学研究。E-mail：jihliu@fio.org.cn

中图分类号: P736.4；P595
计量
- 文章访问数: 477
- HTML全文浏览量: 90
- PDF下载量: 78
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2018-12-26
- 修回日期: 2019-04-09
- 网络出版日期: 2021-04-21
- 刊出日期: 2019-12-25

Environmental quality assessment and influence factor of heavy metals in the surface sediments from the Bohai Sea

Zhu Aimei^{1, 2
,},
Zhang Hui^{1, 2},
Cui Jingjing^{1, 2},
Hu Ningjing^{1, 2, 3},
Liu Jihua^{1, 2, 3
, ,}

1.
First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
2.
Key Laboratory of State Oceanic Administration for Marine Sedimentology and Environmental Geology, Ministry Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
3.
Laboratory for Marine Geology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China

摘要

摘要: 基于渤海404个站位的沉积物重金属元素含量与分布特征，通过潜在生态风险、地累积指数等指标定量评价了沉积物中重金属的环境质量，利用富集因子和主成分分析法，对影响渤海表层沉积物中重金属元素分布特征的影响因素进行了分析。研究结果显示，渤海湾重金属元素平均含量最高，渤海海峡最低；渤海Cd具有强潜在生态风险，Hg具有中等−强潜在生态风险，总潜在生态风险程度为中等；Cr和Ni的少量站位超过毒性阈值上限，其余重金属污染物含量均低于毒性阈值下限，表明渤海发生沉积物重金属的毒性污染的概率很低。沉积物中粒度效应控制的重金属元素含量对渤海表层沉积物中的重金属元素的分布具有主要影响，人类活动所造成的污染主要是Cd，主要分布于辽东湾的锦州湾和复州湾，其次通过河流进入海洋的Hg对黄河三角洲及莱州湾有重要影响，亟需引起注意。
- 渤海 /
- 表层沉积物 /
- 重金属 /
- 环境质量评价 /
- 影响因素
Abstract: Based on the concentrations and spatial distributions of heavy metals in 404 surface sediments from the Bohai Sea, we evaluated the marine sediment environmental quality indexes, such as heavy metal potential ecological risk, geoaccumulation index. Moreover, the factors that impact on the concentrations of heavy metals in surface sediments were also analyzed. The results showed that the mean concentrations of all eight heavy metals were highest in the Bohai Bay, and were lowest in the Bohai Strait. The potential ecological risks of Cd and Hg elements were high and moderate-high, respectively. The assessment of total potential ecological risk revealed Bohai Sea belongs to moderate potential ecological risk. Only few stations of Cr and Ni exceed the upper limit of toxic threshold, and the others are less than the lower limit of toxic threshold. This implies the occurrence probability of toxic pollution is low. The concentrations and spatial distributions of heavy metals were mainly dominated by grain size effect of surface sediments from the Bohai Sea. However, Cd element which was rich in the Jinzhou Bay and Fuzhou Bay of Liaodong Bay was mainly contributed by human activities. Hg element, supplied by Yellow River possible impacted by human activities, was rich in the Yellow River Delta and Laizhou Bay.
- Bohai Sea /
- surface sediment /
- heavy metals /
- environmental quality assessment /
- influence factor

HTML全文

图 1 渤海底质沉积物采样站位

Fig. 1 Map of sampling stations of surface sediments in the Bohai Sea

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 渤海表层沉积物中粒度、Fe₂O₃、Al₂O₃、重金属元素含量空间分布

Fig. 2 Spatial distributions of concentrations of mean grain size, Fe₂O₃, Al₂O₃, heavy metals in the surface sediments from the Bohai Sea

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 渤海表层沉积物中重金属潜在生态风险指数分布

Fig. 3 Spatial distributions of potential ecological risk indexes of heavy metals in the surface sediments from the Bohai Sea

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 渤海表层沉积物中重金属地累积指数（I_geo）分布

Fig. 4 Spatial distributions of geoaccumulation indexes （I_geo）of heavy metals in the surface sediments from the Bohai Sea

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 沉积物重金属主成分分析中各成分载荷分布

Fig. 5 Spatial distributions of components from the principal component analysis of the heavy metals in the surface sediments from the Bohai Sea

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 生物毒性效应预测

Fig. 6 Toxicity prediction of heavy metals in the surface sediments from the Bohai Sea

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 渤海表层沉积物中重金属富集因子（EF）分布

Fig. 7 Spatial distributions of enrichment factors of heavy metals in the surface sediments from the Bohai Sea

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 海洋沉积物重金属毒性预测标准^[24]

Tab. 1 Toxicity prediction standard of heavy metals in the ocean surface sediments^[24]

毒性阈值	Ni	Cr	Cd	Hg	As	Cu	Pb	Zn
下限/μg·g⁻¹	23.2	78.3	1.04	0.18	16.1	38.2	53.0	153.5
上限/μg·g⁻¹	58.3	268.5	5.76	0.66	54.3	214.6	296.0	396.2

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 渤海底质沉积物重金属元素含量与空间分布统计特征

Tab. 2 The statistical characteristics of heavy metals and spatial distributions of surface sediments from the Bohai Sea

统计项目	Cd	Hg	As	Cu	Pb	Ni	Cr	Zn
平均值/μg·g⁻¹	0.20	0.04	9.18	19.99	24.03	25.42	57.95	66.15
5%值/μg·g⁻¹	0.08	0.01	5.21	5.78	14.61	9.15	25.64	28.78
95%值/μg·g⁻¹	0.37	0.08	14.27	34.54	32.95	40.20	83.24	105.31
相对变幅	2.30	3.25	1.44	1.84	1.20	1.78	1.81	1.87
相对标准偏差	0.020	0.026	0.015	0.023	0.011	0.019	0.016	0.019
相对变异系数	2.050	13.795	0.034	0.023	0.009	0.015	0.005	0.006

下载: 导出CSV

表 3 渤海不同地貌单元沉积物重金属元素平均含量

Tab. 3 Mean concentrations of heavy metals in the surface sediments from different geomorphic units in the Bohai Sea

地貌单元	Cd含量/μg·g⁻¹	Hg含量/μg·g⁻¹	As含量/μg·g⁻¹	Cu含量/μg·g⁻¹	Pb含量/μg·g⁻¹	Ni含量/μg·g⁻¹	Cr含量/μg·g⁻¹	Zn含量/μg·g⁻¹	总和
渤海湾	0.25	0.03	11.81	28.02	24.34	33.00	72.36	87.63	257.50
辽东湾	0.23	0.04	8.13	18.49	24.86	23.45	53.04	64.74	193.02
莱州湾	0.13	0.05	11.47	18.59	20.74	26.72	61.44	57.20	196.38
中央盆地	0.17	0.04	9.70	21.14	24.00	27.07	62.08	66.83	211.07
渤海海峡	0.14	0.03	7.72	14.28	22.01	18.89	46.88	48.80	158.76
辽东浅滩	0.24	0.04	7.47	15.69	22.82	19.94	53.95	54.80	174.99

下载: 导出CSV

表 4 渤海沉积物中重金属相关组分相关关系（p<0.05，n=404）

Tab. 4 Correlations of heavy metals related components in the surface sediments from the Bohai Sea（p<0.05, n=404）

	Mz	Al₂O₃	Fe₂O₃	Cr	Zn	Ni	Cu	Cd	Pb	As	Hg
Mz	1.00
Al₂O₃	0.81	1.00
Fe₂O₃	0.91	0.89	1.00
Cr	0.88	0.78	0.92	1.00
Zn	0.87	0.86	0.93	0.86	1.00
Ni	0.92	0.86	0.97	0.92	0.93	1.00
Cu	0.90	0.87	0.97	0.88	0.93	0.96	1.00
Cd	0.36	0.28	0.30	0.44	0.37	0.31	0.29	1.00
Pb	0.72	0.78	0.79	0.65	0.82	0.77	0.79	0.23	1.00
As	0.62	0.59	0.72	0.64	0.67	0.72	0.72	0.18	0.52	1.00
Hg	0.49	0.43	0.45	0.45	0.55	0.48	0.43	0.48	0.54	0.25	1.00

下载: 导出CSV

表 5 渤海表层沉积物中重金属潜在生态风险指数

Tab. 5 Potential ecological risk indexes of heavy metals in the surface sediments from the Bohai Sea

指数	$E_r^{{i} }$								RI
指数	Cd	Hg	As	Cu	Pb	Ni	Cr	Zn	RI
最小值	8.31	2.72	3.57	0.74	2.23	0.60	0.18	0.09	37.30
最大值	219.23	211.28	20.75	12.98	9.42	10.05	3.63	1.99	402.18
平均值	92.53	61.39	11.92	6.66	6.01	5.30	1.90	1.02	186.01

下载: 导出CSV

表 6 渤海表层沉积物重金属地累积指数（I_geo）

Tab. 6 Geoaccumulation indexes（I_geo）of heavy metals in the surface sediments from the Bohai Sea

	Cd	Hg	Cu	Pb	As	Ni	Zn	Cr
最小值	−2.44	−4.46	−3.34	−1.75	−2.07	−3.64	−4.01	−4.03
最大值	2.28	1.82	0.79	0.33	0.47	0.42	0.41	0.27
平均值	0.91	−0.18	−0.35	−0.36	−0.40	−0.64	−0.68	−0.76

下载: 导出CSV

表 7 渤海表层沉积物中重金属元素主成分分析

Tab. 7 The principal component analysis of heavy metals in the surface sediments from the Bohai Sea

主成分	Zn	Ni	Cu	Cr	Pb	As	Hg	Cd	特征值	方差贡献
PC1	0.96	0.96	0.96	0.91	0.82	0.70	0.56	0.42	5.24	65.5
PC2	0.00	−0.16	−0.15	−0.05	0.04	−0.41	0.49	0.77	1.06	13.2
PC3	−0.04	−0.06	−0.09	−0.18	0.17	0.04	0.63	−0.43	0.65	8.2

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(24)

[1]	中国科学院海洋研究所海洋地质研究室. 渤海地质[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1985: 1−265. Department of Marine Geology, Institute of Oceanography, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Geology of the Bohai Sea[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1985: 1−265.
[2]	石学法. 中国近海海洋——海洋底质[M]. 北京: 海洋出版社, 2014: 1−561. Shi Xuefa. Seas Adjacent to China: Seabed[M]. Beijing: China Ocean Press, 2014: 1−561.
[3]	刘振夏, 夏东兴. 潮流脊的初步研究[J]. 海洋与湖沼, 1983, 14(3): 286−296. Liu Zhenxia, Xia Dongxing. A preliminary study of tidal current ridges[J]. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 1983, 14(3): 286−296.
[4]	乔淑卿, 石学法, 王国庆, 等. 渤海底质沉积物粒度特征及输运趋势探讨[J]. 海洋学报, 2010, 32(4): 139−147. Qiao Shuqing, Shi Xuefa, Wang Guoqing, et al. Discussion on grain-size characteristics of seafloor sediment and transport pattern in the Bohai Sea[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2010, 32(4): 139−147.
[5]	石学法, 刘升发, 乔淑卿, 等. 中国东部近海沉积物地球化学: 分布特征、控制因素与古气候记录[J]. 矿物岩石地球化学通报, 2015, 34(5): 885−894. Shi Xuefa, Liu Shengfa, Qiao Shuqing, et al. Geochemical characteristics, controlling factor and record of paleoclimate in sediments from eastern China seas[J]. Bulletin of Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry, 2015, 34(5): 885−894.
[6]	赵一阳. 中国海大陆架沉积物地球化学的若干模式[J]. 地质科学, 1983(4): 307−314. Zhao Yiyang. Some geochemical patterns of shelf sediments of the China Seas[J]. Scientia Geologica Sinica, 1983(4): 307−314.
[7]	毛天宇, 戴明新, 彭士涛, 等. 近10年渤海湾重金属(Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Hg)污染时空变化趋势分析[J]. 天津大学学报, 2009, 42(9): 817−825. Mao Tianyu, Dai Mingxin, Peng Shitao, et al. Temporal-spatial variation trend analysis of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Hg) in Bohai Bay in 10 years[J]. Journal of Tianjin University, 2009, 42(9): 817−825.
[8]	周秀艳, 李宇斌, 王恩德, 等. 辽东湾湿地重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价[J]. 环境科学与技术, 2004, 27(5): 60−62. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-6504.2004.05.025 Zhou Xiuyan, Li Yubin, Wang En’de, et al. Heavy metals pollution and relevant ecological risk evaluation in wetlands of Liaodong Gulf area[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2004, 27(5): 60−62. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-6504.2004.05.025
[9]	吴景阳, 李云飞. 渤海湾沉积物中若干重金属的环境地球化学——Ⅰ. 沉积物中重金属的分布模式及其背景值[J]. 海洋与湖沼, 1985, 16(2): 92−101. Wu Jingyang, Li Yunfei. Environment geochemistry of some heavy metals in the sediments of Bohai Bay: Ⅰ. the distribution pattern of heavy metals in the sediments and their background values[J]. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 1985, 16(2): 92−101.
[10]	张经, 刘敏光, 陈长景, 等. 渤海湾沉积物中若干重金属的存在形式[J]. 海洋学报, 1987, 9(4): 520−524. Zhang Jing, Liu Minguang, Chen Changjing, et al. The existing form of some heavy metals in sediments of Bohai Bay[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 1987, 9(4): 520−524.
[11]	蓝先洪, 孟祥君, 梅西, 等. 辽东湾表层沉积物的重金属污染特征与质量评价[J]. 海洋学报, 2018, 40(6): 60−73. Lan Xianhong, Meng Xiangjun, Mei Xi, et al. Pollution characteristics and quality assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments from the Liaodong Bay[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2018, 40(6): 60−73.
[12]	罗先香, 张蕊, 杨建强, 等. 莱州湾表层沉积物重金属分布特征及污染评价[J]. 生态环境学报, 2010, 19(2): 262−269. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-5906.2010.02.002 Luo Xianxiang, Zhang Rui, Yang Jianqiang, et al. Distribution and pollution assessment of heavy metals in surface sediment in Laizhou Bay[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2010, 19(2): 262−269. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-5906.2010.02.002
[13]	Folk R L, Ward W C. Brazos River bar: a study in the significance of grain size parameters[J]. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 1957, 27(1): 3−26. doi: 10.1306/74D70646-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D
[14]	郭平, 谢忠雷, 李军, 等. 长春市土壤重金属污染特征及其潜在生态风险评价[J]. 地理科学, 2005, 25(1): 108−112. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0690.2005.01.017 Guo Ping, Xie Zhonglei, Li Jun, et al. Specificity of heavy metal pollution and the ecological hazard in urban soils of Changchun City[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2005, 25(1): 108−112. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0690.2005.01.017
[15]	Håkanson L. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control[J]. Water Research, 1980, 14(8): 975−1001. doi: 10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-8
[16]	赵一阳, 鄢明才. 中国浅海沉积物地球化学[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1994: 1-203. Zhao Yiyang, Yan Mingcai. Geochemistry of Sediments of the China Shelf Sea[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1994: 1-203.
[17]	滕彦国, 庹先国, 倪师军, 等. 应用地质累积指数评价沉积物中重金属污染: 选择地球化学背景的影响[J]. 环境科学与技术, 2002, 25(2): 7−9. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-6504.2002.02.003 Teng Yanguo,Tuo Xianguo,Ni Shijun,et al. Applying geoaccumulation index to assess heavy metal pollution in sediment:Influence of different geochemical background[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2002, 25(2): 7−9. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-6504.2002.02.003
[18]	Muller, G. Heavy-metals in sediment of the rhine-changes since 1971[J]. Umschau inWissenschaft und Technik, 1979, 79(24): 778−783.
[19]	张秀芝, 鲍征宇, 唐俊红. 富集因子在环境地球化学重金属污染评价中的应用[J]. 地质科技情报, 2006, 25(1): 65−72. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-7849.2006.01.012 Zhang Xiuzhi, Bao Zhengyu, Tang Junhong. Application of the enrichment factor in evaluating of heavy metals contamination in the environmental geochemistry[J]. Geological Science and Technology Information, 2006, 25(1): 65−72. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-7849.2006.01.012
[20]	夏鹏, 孟宪伟, 丰爱平, 等. 沉积物中重金属区域环境背景的构建——以广西潮间带为例[J]. 海洋通报, 2012, 31(5): 539−546. Xia Peng, Meng Xianwei, Feng Aiping, et al. Regional background levels of heavy metals in marine sediments: a case study on the intertidal zone of Guangxi Province[J]. Marine Science Bulletin, 2012, 31(5): 539−546.
[21]	赵一阳, 鄢明才. 中国浅海沉积物化学元素丰度[J]. 中国科学(B辑), 1993, 23(10): 1084−1090. Zhao Yiyang, Yan Mingcai. Mineral element abundance of sediments of the China Shelf Seas[J]. Science in China (Series B), 1993, 23(10): 1084−1090.
[22]	Howari F M, Banat K M. Assessment of Fe, Zn, Cd, Hg, and Pb in the jordan and Yarmouk river sediments in relation to their physicochemical properties and sequential extraction characterization[J]. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 2001, 132(1/2): 43−59. doi: 10.1023/A:1012062814873
[23]	范文宏, 陈静生, 洪松, 等. 沉积物中重金属生物毒性评价的研究进展[J]. 环境科学与技术, 2002, 25(1): 36−39. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-6504.2002.01.015 Fan Wenhong, Chen Jingsheng, Hong Song, et al. Recent development in bio-toxicological assessment of heavy metal in aquatic sediments[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2002, 25(1): 36−39. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-6504.2002.01.015
[24]	Apitz S E, Barbanti A, Bernstein A G, et al. The assessment of sediment screening risk in Venice Lagoon and other coastal areas using international sediment quality guidelines[J]. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2007, 7(5): 326−341. doi: 10.1065/jss2007.08.246