Rare earth element characteristics of Pahang River and Kelantan River sediments and their tracing implication
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摘要: 通过对马来半岛东部彭亨河28个站位和吉兰丹河22个站位表层沉积物进行稀土元素（REE）测试，对比分析了稀土元素的组成特征和分布规律，探讨了稀土元素组成的控制因素和物源示踪意义。结果表明，彭亨河沉积物稀土元素含量介于24.88～304.29 μg/g之间，平均含量为165.22 μg/g，吉兰丹河沉积物中稀土元素含量介于126.02～281.40 μg/g之间，平均值为181.15 μg/g。彭亨河大部分沉积物上陆壳(UCC)标准化模式为重稀土相对轻稀土富集，吉兰丹河沉积物轻重稀土无明显分异。沉积物源岩和矿物组成对两条河流的REE组成起到了重要的控制作用，化学风化对彭亨河REE组成的影响大于吉兰丹河，而彭亨河沉积物粒度组成显著差异也导致了其REE含量变化范围更大。δEuUCC-(Gd/Yb)UCC关系图中彭亨河和吉兰丹河沉积物分区明显，表明其可作为定性判别两条河流来源的有效指标，并可用于海区沉积物来源的示踪和定量识别。Abstract: Rare earth element (REE) in the surface sediments from Pahang River (28 samples) and Kelantan River (22 samples) in the eastern portion of Malay Peninsula are analyzed to decipher the characteristics of REE composition and distribution, to discern the controlling factors of REE composition, and to illustrate the significances of provenance tracing of REE. The results show that the total REE ranges from 24.88 μg/g to 304.29 μg/g, with an average of 165.22 μg/g, for the Pahang River; and 126.02 μg/g to 281.40 μg/g, with an average of 181.15 μg/g, for the Kelantan River, respectively. The UCC standardization of REE indicates that Pahang River sediments enrich with heavy rare earth elements, in relative to light rare earth elements. However, there is no significant difference between light and heavy rare earth elements in the Kelantan River. The composition of source rocks and minerals plays a controlling role in the REE composition of the two rivers. The influence of chemical weathering in the Pahang River is greater than Kelantan River, and the difference of grain size among the Pahang River sediments leads to larger REE variations. δEuUCC-(Gd/Yb)UCC discrimination diagram demonstrates that it can be used as an effective index to qualitatively seperate the sediment source of two rivers. It can further be used to trace and identify the source of sediments quantitatively on the continental shelf of Malay Peninsula.
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Key words:
- sediment /
- rare earth element /
- controlling factors /
- provenance tracing /
- Pahang River /
- Kelantan River /
- Malay Peninsula
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图 1 彭亨河和吉兰丹河位置及取样站位
a.马来半岛位置图；b.彭亨河和吉兰丹河位置；c.吉兰丹河取样站位图；d.彭亨河取样站位图
Fig. 1 Location and sampling stations of the Pahang River and Kelantan River
a.Location of the Malay Peninsula; b.location of the Pahang River and Kelantan River; c. sampling stations of the Kelantan River; d.sampling stations of the Pahang River
图 2 彭亨河（a）和吉兰丹河（b）流域粒度变化
Fig. 2 The grain size variations of the Pahang River (a) and Kelantan River (b) drainage basin
图 3 彭亨河（a）和吉兰丹河（b）流域∑REE（∑REE=∑LREE+∑HREE），∑LREE，∑HREE含量变化
Fig. 3 The contents variations of ∑REE, ∑LREE, and ∑HREE of the Pahang River (a) and Kelantan River (b) drainage basin
图 4 彭亨河（a）和吉兰丹河（b）沉积物UCC标准化模式
Fig. 4 The UCC-normalized patterns of sediments of the Pahang River (a) and Kelantan River (b)
图 5 南海周边河流沉积物UCC标准化配分模式对比
Fig. 5 Comparison of the UCC-normalized patterns of river sediments around the South China Sea
图 6 彭亨河沉积物上游、中游和下游标准化图
Fig. 6 Standardization diagrams of the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Pahang River sediments
图 7 吉兰丹河沉积物上游、中游和下游标准化图
Fig. 7 Standardization diagrams of the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Kelantan River sediments
图 8 彭亨河（a）和吉兰丹河（b）沉积物粒度与REE含量相关图
Fig. 8 Correlation plots between grain size and REE content of the Pahang River (a) and Kelantan River (b) sediments
图 9 判别参数δEuUCC和（Gd/Yb）UCC与粒度的相关性
Fig. 9 Correlation between discriminant parameters, δEuUCC and (Gd/Yb) UCC with grain size
长度
/km降水
/mm流域面积
/km2径流量
/m3·s–1载荷量
/t·a–1彭亨河 459 2 000～3 000 29 137 596 20.4 × 106 吉兰丹河 248 0～1 750 13 100 500 13.9 × 106 
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表 2 彭亨河和吉兰丹河与其他河流稀土元素含量（单位：μg/g）及相关参数对比
Tab. 2 Comparison of REE content and related parameters between the Pahang River and Kelantan River with other rivers
河流 La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu ∑REE ∑L ∑H L/H δCe δEu (La/Yb)UCC (La/Sm)UCC (Gd/Yb)UCC MZ(Φ) 彭亨河 Max 57.48 146.65 13.68 49.4 9.28 1.1 8.1 1.27 8.24 1.72 5.2 0.94 5.82 0.93 304.29 277.52 29.25 11.25 1.26 1.01 1.33 1.08 1.55 7.14 Min 4.86 11.03 1.09 3.97 0.86 0.21 0.76 0.11 0.83 0.13 0.43 0.06 0.47 0.06 24.88 22.03 2.85 3.36 1.02 0.32 0.27 0.76 0.40 0.22 Av 32.63 73.2 7.53 27.11 5.3 0.76 4.85 0.81 5.1 0.99 2.92 0.48 3.05 0.5 165.22 146.53 18.7 7.93 1.11 0.51 0.83 0.90 0.98 4.53 Sd 16.85 39.68 3.85 13.6 2.56 0.3 2.29 0.39 2.41 0.49 1.43 0.25 1.51 0.25 84.17 76.59 8.72 1.73 0.06 0.15 0.24 0.08 0.25 2 吉兰丹河 Max 61.22 131.6 12.73 44.6 7.78 1.25 7.09 1.09 6.6 1.27 3.79 0.61 3.8 0.61 281.4 259.11 24.85 11.63 1.25 0.68 1.38 1.18 1.26 8.15 Min 25.18 55.81 5.67 20.72 3.8 0.76 3.68 0.59 3.7 0.69 2.03 0.31 2 0.31 126.02 112.03 13.89 7.99 1.07 0.49 0.81 0.94 0.95 5.18 Av 37.55 82.26 8.14 29.26 5.37 0.99 5.04 0.78 4.71 0.9 2.65 0.42 2.64 0.43 181.15 163.57 17.58 9.29 1.13 0.59 1.04 1.05 1.10 6.42 Sd 8.77 18.38 1.88 6.62 1.14 0.14 1.04 0.15 0.88 0.17 0.5 0.08 0.5 0.09 39.66 36.63 3.37 0.9 0.05 0.04 0.14 0.06 0.09 0.86 长江[15] 36.09 65.08 8.33 32.6 6.09 1.3 5.58 0.85 4.71 0.98 2.56 0.37 2.23 0.33 167.1 149.49 17.61 8.49 0.90 0.68 1.19 0.89 1.45 黄河[15] 28.97 53.92 7.07 26.67 4.99 1.04 4.65 0.75 3.92 0.84 2.23 0.35 2.05 0.31 137.76 122.66 15.1 8.12 0.91 0.66 1.04 0.87 1.31 珠江[40] 52.66 114.16 12.14 46.21 8.69 1.77 8.82 1.14 6.39 1.26 3.66 0.5 3.45 0.5 261.35 235.63 25.72 9.16 1.09 0.62 1.12 0.91 1.48 湄公河[40] 38.26 86.12 8.76 33.6 6.3 1.37 6.54 0.85 4.81 0.94 2.76 0.39 2.61 0.37 193.68 174.41 19.27 9.05 1.13 0.65 1.07 0.91 1.45 红河[40] 52.03 111.7 11.46 43.29 7.73 1.67 7.99 1.03 5.67 1.09 3.15 0.43 2.85 0.4 250.49 227.88 22.61 10.08 1.10 0.65 1.34 1.01 1.62 湄干河[42] 20.23 32.24 3.19 13.63 2.82 0.53 2.26 0.38 2.09 0.41 1.08 0.17 0.99 0.15 80.16 72.64 7.53 9.65 0.97 0.64 1.50 1.08 1.32 湄南河[41] 36.40 74.40 8.62 32.20 6.36 1.31 5.66 0.95 5.66 1.08 3.12 0.49 3.10 0.49 179.84 159.29 20.55 7.75 1.01 0.67 0.86 0.86 1.06 泰国湾[39] 22 45 4.7 18 3.5 0.5 2.6 0.4 2.2 0.4 1.1 0.2 1.2 0.2 102 93.7 8.3 11.29 1.07 0.51 1.34 0.94 1.25 登嘉楼河[16] 29.6 66.99 4.58 14.51 2.27 0.43 3.37 0.48 1.84 0.38 1.26 0.17 1.07 0.21 127.15 118.38 8.78 13.48 1.39 0.47 2.02 1.96 1.81 注：UCC表示上陆壳；Max表示最大值，Min表示最小值，Av表示平均值，Sd表示标准偏差；∑L表示∑LREE，∑H表示∑HREE，L/H表示∑LREE/∑HREE。δCe、δEu为球粒陨石[43]标准化计算的结果，(La/Yb)UCC、(La/Sm)UCC、(Gd/Yb)UCC为上陆壳[38]标准化计算的结果，$\delta {\rm{Ce}} = {{\rm{Ce}}_N}/\sqrt {[({{{\rm La}}_N}) \cdot ({{\Pr }_N})]} $，$\delta {\rm{Eu}} = {{\rm {Eu}}_N}/\sqrt {[({{\rm {Sm}}_N}) \cdot ({{\rm {Nd}}_N})]} $。
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