Research on the distribution of sound scattering layer in the middle and high latitudes ocean of the Northern Hemisphere in autumn
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摘要: 利用第八次北极调查走航ADCP后向散射强度数据，结合太阳高度、海冰密集度和实测水体环境参数数据，统计分析了中高纬海洋声散射层的时空变化特征。结果表明，纬度越高，声散射层在海表滞留时间越短，即使在极昼期间及全海冰覆盖海域，虽然其迁移幅度和后向散射强度减弱，但仍受太阳高度变化影响，且二者具有较强的时序相关性；在北极中央海域，不仅声散射层迁移活动较弱，且出现无明显散射层的情况，可能是因为该海域浮游动物和鱼类聚集度相对较低且迁移活动微弱，超出了本文所用ADCP的探测精度范围；从鄂霍次克海至白令海西南海域，往返ADCP数据均显示有两个后向散射强度上高下低，但垂直迁移时间同步的声散射层，且二者间距随纬度增加而逐渐减小并合为一体，这可能是由不同生活习性的海洋生物造成的。Abstract: The shipboard ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers) backscatter intensity data in the Eighth Arctic Science Expedition are analyzed for the temporal and spatial characteristics of the sound scattering layer (SSL), by combining the solar altitude, the sea ice concentration and the in-situ data of the water environment parameters. The results show that the higher the latitude is, the shorter the time of the SSL is on the sea surface. Even during the period of polar day and all covered by sea ice, the migration amplitude and backscattering intensity of the SSL are weakened, but they are still affected by the change of the solar elevation, and there is a strong temporal correlation between them and solar altitude angle. In the middle section of the Arctic, the migration of the SSL is weak, and there is no obvious SSL observed, the reason may be that the concentration of zooplanktons and fishes are relatively lower and the migration is weak, which is beyond the accuracy range of ADCP used in this paper. ADCP data in the back and forth from the Okhotsk Sea to the southwest of the Bering Sea, show that there are two SSLs, the shallower depth and the greater backscatter intensity, but their vertical migration time is synchronized, and the spacing between them is gradually reduced and combined as the latitude increases, it may be caused by marine organisms with different life habit.
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图 1 第八次北极科学考察走航ADCP航迹和CTD站位分布
蓝色线段为ADCP走航航迹，绿色圆点为CTD站位点，红色线段为 本文所用SG、CA、CB CTD断面
Fig. 1 The track of ship-board ADCP and the position of CTD stations in the eighth Arctic science expedition
Blue lines for ADCP track, green dots for CTD stations, red lines for SG, CA and CB sections of CTD in this paper
图 2 全航程太阳高度角和每天白昼、黑夜时长随时间变化曲线
Fig. 2 The solar altitude angle and daytime and nighttime of day for the entire voyage
图 3 全航程ADCP水体后向散射强度的时间–深度分布
Fig. 3 Time vs depth figure of seawater backscatter intensity by ADCP for the entire voyage
图 4 调查船去程（a）和返程（b）经过日本海时ADCP后向散射强度的时间–深度分布
Fig. 4 Time vs depth figure of seawater backscattering intensity by ADCP during the forth (a) and back (b) through the Japan Sea
图 5 鄂霍次克海–白令海航段往程（a）和返程（b）ADCP后向散射强度的时间–深度分布
Fig. 5 Time vs depth figure of seawater backscattering intensity by ADCP during the forth (a) and back (b) through the Okhotsk Sea and Bering Sea segment
图 6 北冰洋航段海冰密度时序曲线
Fig. 6 Time vs sea ice concentrate at the position of the ship in the Arctic Ocean segment
图 7 调查船沿着加拿大海盆边缘进入门捷列夫海岭时ADCP后向散射强度的时间–深度分布
Fig. 7 Time vs depth figure of seawater backscattering intensity by ADCP through the Mendeleev Ridge along the Canadian Basin edge
图 8 北极中央航段ADCP后向散射强度的时间–深度分布
Fig. 8 Time vs depth figure of seawater backscattering intensity by ADCP during the central Arctic Ocean segment
图 9 断面CA处温度、盐度、氮饱和度、氧饱和度随时间变化
Fig. 9 The distribution of temperature, salinity, nitrogen saturation and oxygen saturation with time at the Section CA
图 10 格陵兰岛周边海域ADCP后向散射强度的时间–深度分布
Fig. 10 Time vs depth figure of seawater backscattering intensity by ADCP through the surrounding of the Greenland
图 11 断面SG处温度、盐度、氮饱和度、氧饱和度随时间变化
Fig. 11 The distribution of temperature, salinity, nitrogen saturation and oxygen saturation with time at the Section SG
图 12 加拿大海盆区ADCP后向散射强度的时间–深度分布
Fig. 12 Time vs depth figure of seawater backscattering intensity by ADCP in the Canadian Basin
图 13 断面CB处温度、盐度、氮饱和度、氧饱和度随时间分布
Fig. 13 Distribution of temperature, salinity, nitrogen saturation and oxygen saturation with time at the Section CB
表 1 全航程声散射层参数统计
Tab. 1 Statistics of the parameters of sound scattering layer for the entire voyage
日期 向下迁移早于日出时差/min 向上迁移晚于日落时差/min 平均深度/m 平均厚度/m 平均强度/dB 备注 7月22日 60 65 380 100 −92 7月23日 80 70 385 100 −90 7月24日 — — 215 110 −81 第一散射层 — — 495 170 −83 第二散射层 7月25日 — — 220 120 −80 第一散射层 — — 480 130 −82 第二散射层 7月26日 50 60 250 120 −72 第一散射层 — — — — — 第二散射层 7月27日 81 73 220 100 −68 第一散射层 — — 480 80 −88 第二散射层 7月28日 85 102 285 130 −68 第一散射层 — — 390 120 −80 第二散射层 7月29日 102 116 305 90 −75 第一散射层 — — — — — 第二散射层 8月2日 极昼，海冰覆盖，散射层迁移未明显到达表层 425 200 −81 8月3日 380 150 −87 8月4日 360 150 −87 8月5日 350 110 −93 8月6日 350 100 −94 8月7日 330 110 −94 8月8日 265 210 −94 8月9日 325 130 −93 8月10日 380 120 −95 8月11日 360 100 −97 8月12日 370 90 −101 8月13日 405 90 −101 
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