Influence of monsoon upwelling on pH off the southern coast of Java Island,Indonesia: a preliminary study
-
摘要: 基于2013年9月底至10月初在印尼爪哇岛南部海域调查得到的碳酸盐参数和相关水文数据,首次报道了该海域pH的分布,并重点探讨了南爪哇上升流(季风上升流)对其影响。结果显示上升流影响区表层pH低于周围非上升流影响区。通过两端元混合模型,定量讨论了上升流的物理输运和生物活动对pH的影响。研究表明,上升流的物理输运至少造成了海表层盐度增加0.4个单位,溶解无机碳(DIC)增加110 μmol/kg,pH降低约0.2个单位;同时,在上升流区,强烈的生物活动(叶绿素a浓度大于0.4 mg/m3)使得DIC的降低量达70 μmol/kg,pH的增加量达0.15个单位。总体来看,该研究区域的物理输运作用大于生物作用,综合效应表现为DIC的增加和pH的降低。另外,同上升流的物理输运作用和生物作用相比,上升流引起的表层冷却和增盐对pH的影响较小(热力学作用)。Abstract: pH and its influence by upwelling process off the southern coast of Java Island, Indonesia were examined for the first time using carbonate and related hydrographic data collected from late September to early October 2013. We found that sea surface pH was lower in the upwelling area than in the nearby nonupwelling area. A two end-member mixing model was used to separate the two opposite effects of the upwelling process on pH: physical transport of CO2 rich waters from subsurface layers vs. biological production. Results showed that physical transport at least led to a dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) increase of 110 μmol/kg, and a pH decrease of about 0.2 units, while strong biological production (chlorophyll a level above 0.4 mg/m3) induced a DIC decrease by up to 70 μmol/kg, and a pH increase by up to 0.15 units. Overall, the physical transport of CO2 rich waters was dominant, leading to a net decrease in pH. Also, we found that surface cooling and salinity increases induced by the upwelling played a relatively minor role in affecting pH (thermodynamically), compared with effects of physical transport and subsequent biological production associated with the upwelling.
-
Key words:
- pH /
- eastern boundary upwelling /
- biological activity /
- physical transport /
- South Java /
- Indian Ocean
-
Orr J C,Fabry V J,Aumont O,et al. Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms[J]. Nature,2005,437(7059): 681-686. Richards R G,Davidson A T,Meynecke J,et al. Effects and mitigations of ocean acidification on wild and aquaculture scallop and prawn fisheries in Queensland,Australia[J]. Fisheries Research,2015,161: 42-56. 徐雪梅,翟惟东,吴金浩. 急性 CO2 酸化对菲律宾蛤仔钙壳和呼吸作用的影响[J]. 海洋学报,2013,35(5): 112-120. Xu Xuemei,Zhai Weidong,Wu Jinhao. Effects of CO2-driven ocean acidification on the calcification and respiration of Rudita pes philippinarum[J]. Haiyang Xuebao,2013,35(5): 112-120. 唐启升,陈镇东,余克服,等. 海洋酸化及其与海洋生物及生态系统的关系[J]. 科学通报,2013,58(14): 1307-1314. Tang Qisheng,Chen Zhendong,Yu Kefu,et al. The effects of ocean acidification on marine organisms and ecosystem[J]. Chin Sci Bull,2013,58(14): 1307-1314. Doney S C,Fabry V J,Feely R A,et al. Ocean acidification: the other CO2 problem[J]. Annual Review of Marine Science,2009,1(1): 169-192. Zhai Weidong,Zhao Huade,Zheng Nan,et al. Coastal acidification in summer bottom oxygen-depleted waters in northwestern-northern Bohai Sea from June to August in 2011[J]. Chin Sci Bull,2012,57(9): 1062-1068. Cai Weijun,Hu Xinpeng,Huang W J,et al. Acidification of subsurface coastal waters enhanced by eutrophication[J]. Nature Geoscience,2011,4: 766-770. Feely R A,Sabine C L,Hernandez-Ayon J M,et al. Evidence for upwelling of corrosive "Acidified" water onto the continental shelf [J]. Science,2008,320(5882): 1490-1492. Salisbury J,Green M,Hunt C,et al. Coastal acidification by rivers: a threat to shellfish?[J]. Eos,Transactions American Geophysical Union,2008,89(50): 513. Wallace R B,Baumann H,Grear J S,et al. Coastal ocean acidification: The other eutrophication problem[J]. Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2014,148: 1-13. Sunda W G,Cai W J. Eutrophication Induced CO2-acidification of subsurface coastal waters: interactive effects of temperature,salinity,and atmospheric pCO2[J]. Environmental Science & Technology,2012,46(19): 10651-10659. Duarte C M,Hendriks I E,Moore T S,et al. Is ocean acidification an open-ocean syndrome? Understanding anthropogenic impacts on seawater pH[J]. Estuaries and Coasts,2013,36(2): 221-236. Saderne V,Fietzek P,Herman P M J,et al. Extreme Variations of pCO2 and pH in a macrophyte meadow of the baltic sea in summer: evidence of the effect of photosynthesis and local upwelling [J]. PLoS One,2013,8(4): e62689. Messié M,Ledesma J,Kolber D D,et al. Potential new production estimates in four eastern boundary upwelling ecosystems[J]. Progress in Oceanography,2009,83(1/4): 151-158. Borges A V,Frankignoulle M. Distribution of surface carbon dioxide and air-sea exchange in the upwelling system off the Galician coast[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2002,16(2): 13-1-13-13. Hales B,Takahashi T,Bandstra L. Atmospheric CO2 uptake by a coastal upwelling system[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2005,19(1): GB1009. Borges A V. Do we have enough pieces of the jigsaw to integrate CO2 fluxes in the coastal ocean? [J]. Estuaries,2005,28(1): 3-27. Borges A V,Delille B,Frankignoulle M. Budgeting sinks and sources of CO2 in the coastal ocean: Diversity of ecosystems counts[J]. Geophys Res Lett,2005,32(14): L14601. Cao Zhimian,Dai Minhan,Evans W,et al. Diagnosing CO2 fluxes in the upwelling system off the Oregon-California coast[J]. Biogeosciences,2014,11(22): 6341-6354. Chavez F P,Messié M. A comparison of eastern boundary upwelling ecosystems[J]. Progress in Oceanography,2009,83(1/4): 80-96. Chavez F P,Toggweiler J R. Physical estimates of global new production: the up-welling contribution[M]// Summerhayes C P,Emeis K C,Angel M V. Upwelling in the Ocean: Modern Processes and Ancient Records. Chichester,UK: Wiley,1995:313-320. Pauly D,Christensen V. Primary production required to sustain global fisheries[J]. Nature,1995,374(6519): 255-257. Lachkar Z,Gruber N. Exploring the future evolution of multiple stressors in eastern boundary upwelling systems[J]. Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry News,2012,5(2): 5-9. Xue L,Yu W,Wang H,et al. Temporal changes in surface partial pressure of carbon dioxide and carbonate saturation state in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean during the 1962-2012 period [J]. Biogeosciences,2014,11(22): 6293-6305. Zhai W D,Zheng N,Huo C,et al. Subsurface pH and carbonate saturation state of aragonite on the Chinese side of the North Yellow Sea: seasonal variations and controls[J]. Biogeosciences,2014,11(4): 1103-1123. Kuswardani R T D,Qiao Fangli. Influence of the Indonesian Throughflow on the upwelling off the east coast of South Java[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin,2014,59(33): 4516-4523. Susanto R D,Gordon A L,Zheng Quanan. Upwelling along the coasts of Java and Sumatra and its relation to ENSO[J]. Geophys Res Lett,2001,28(8): 1599-1602. Wyrtki K. The upwelling in the region between Java and Australia during the south-east monsoon [J]. Marine and Freshwater Research,1962,13(3): 217-225. Iskandar I,Rao S A,Tozuka T. Chlorophyll a bloom along the southern coasts of Java and Sumatra during 2006[J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing,2009,30(3): 663-671. Susanto R D,Moore T S I,Marra J. Ocean color variability in the Indonesian Seas during the SeaWiFS era[J]. Geochem Geophys Geosyst,2006,7: Q05021. Sachoemar S I,Yanagi T. Seasonal variation of the oceanic condition along the southern coastal area of Java to Sumbawa,Indonesia[J]. La mer,2001,39(3): 141-154. Sartimbul A,Nakata H,Rohadi E,et al. Variations in chlorophyll-a concentration and the impact on Sardinella lemuru catches in Bali Strait,Indonesia[J]. Progress in Oceanography,2010,87(1/4): 168-174. Allen G R,Adrim M. Coral reef fishes of Indonesia[J]. Zoological Studies,2003,42(1): 1-72. Erez J,Reynaud S,Silverman J,et al. Coral calcification under ocean acidification and global change[M]// Dubinsky Z,Stambler N. Coral Reefs: An Ecosystem in Transition. Berlin: Springer,2011: 151-176. Ningsih N S,Rakhmaputeri N,Harto A B. Upwelling variability along the southern coast of Bali and in Nusa Tenggara waters[J]. Ocean Science Journal,2013,48(1): 49-57. Wijffels S E,Bray N,Hautala S,et al. The WOCE Indonesian Throughflow repeat hydrography sections: I10 and IR6[J]. Int WOCE Newsl,1996,24: 25-28. Dickson A G,Sabine C L,Christian J R. Guide to best practices for ocean CO2 measurements[M]// North Pacific Marine Science Organization,PICES Special Publication,3,2007. Wang Z A,Cai W J. Carbon dioxide degassing and inorganic carbon export from a marsh-dominated estuary (the Duplin River): a marsh CO2 pump[J]. Limnology and Oceanography,2004,49(2): 341-354. Lewis E,Wallace D W R. Program developed for CO2 systems calculations[DB/CD]. ORNL/CDIAC 105,Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center,Oak Ridge National Laboratory US Department of Energy,Oak Ridge,Tennessee,1998. Chen Feizhou,Cai Weijun,Wang Yongchen,et al. The carbon dioxide system and net community production within a cyclonic eddy in the lee of Hawaii[J]. Deep-Sea Research Part Ⅱ,2008,55(10/13): 1412-1425. Cai Wenjun. Riverine inorganic carbon flux and rate of biological uptake in the Mississippi River plume[J]. Geophysical Research Letters,2003,30(2): 1032. Jiang L Q,Cai W J,Wang Y,et al. Influence of terrestrial inputs on continental shelf carbon dioxide[J]. Biogeosciences,2013,10(2): 839-849.
点击查看大图
计量
- 文章访问数: 1244
- HTML全文浏览量: 16
- PDF下载量: 1041
- 被引次数: 0