Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of phytoplankton community and its environmental impact factors in Liuqing River Bay*
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摘要: 近海河口生态系统是河流与海洋交汇处形成的独特生态系统，具有较高的初级生产力，能为众多生物提供食物和栖息地，在维持生态系统结构稳定方面发挥着重要作用。为了探究流清河湾浮游植物群落的时空动态及其环境影响因素，本研究于2023年冬季（3月），春季（5月），夏季（8月）和秋季（10月）对流清河湾的7个采样站点，开展了4个航次的调查研究。结果表明，四个航次共鉴定出浮游植物3门56属97种，其中，浮游植物群落结构主要由硅藻门和甲藻门组成。流清河湾浮游植物细胞丰度存在着明显的时空动态变化特征，从时间维度来看，四个季节的浮游植物的平均丰度由高到低依次为冬季、秋季、夏季和春季；在空间分布方面，流清河湾浮游植物丰度体现出季节性的空间分布差异。春、秋、冬季高丰度区集中于东北近岸海域，主要受陆源输入驱动。低丰度区持续分布于西北海域，主要与湍流混合相关，整体空间格局表现为近岸富集、外海递减的特征。优势种主要有硅藻门的奇异棍形藻，蛇目圆筛藻，并基角毛藻，旋链角毛藻，星脐圆筛藻，格氏圆筛藻和甲藻门的大角角藻，三角角藻。夏季和秋季的生物多样性显著高于春季和冬季。冗余分析结果表明，盐度、溶解无机氮（DIN）和溶解无机磷（DIP）是影响浮游植物群落结构变化的关键环境因子。Abstract: The coastal estuarine ecosystem is a unique ecosystem formed at the confluence of rivers and oceans. It has high primary productivity, can provide food and habitat for many organisms, and plays an important role in maintaining the stability of ecosystem structure. In order to explore the temporal and spatial dynamics of phytoplankton community and its environmental impact factors in Liuqing River Bay, four cruises were carried out at seven sampling sites in Liuqing River Bay in winter (March), spring (May), summer (August) and autumn (October) of 2023. The results showed that a total of 97 species of phytoplankton belonging to 56 genera and 3 phyla were identified in the four cruises. The phytoplankton community structure was mainly composed of diatoms and dinoflagellates. The cell abundance of phytoplankton in Liuqing River Bay has obvious temporal and spatial dynamic changes. From the time dimension, the average abundance of phytoplankton in the four seasons from high to low is winter, autumn, summer and spring.In terms of spatial distribution, the phytoplankton abundance in Liuqing Bay reflects seasonal spatial distribution differences. The high abundance areas in spring, autumn and winter are concentrated in the northeast coastal waters, which are mainly driven by terrestrial input. The low abundance area is continuously distributed in the northwest sea area, which is mainly related to turbulent mixing. The overall spatial pattern is characterized by near-shore enrichment and offshore decline. The dominant species mainly include Cladophora in Bacillariophyta, Coscinodiscus in Ophiales, Chaetoceros capillipes, Chaetoceros spiralis, Coscinodiscus astromboides, Coscinodiscus grijsii and Chaetoceros capillipes, Chaetoceros tricornis in Pyrrophyta. The biodiversity in summer and autumn was significantly higher than that in spring and winter. The results of redundancy analysis showed that salinity, DIN (dissolved inorganic nitrogen) and DIP (dissolved inorganic phosphorus) were the key environmental factors affecting the changes of phytoplankton community structure.
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Key words:
- Liuqing River Bay /
- phytoplankton /
- community structure /
- environmental factors /
- redundancy analysis
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图 2 流清河湾2023年春、夏、秋、冬季各项水环境参数的变化（A）温度；（B）盐度；（C）溶解氧；（D）pH；（E）Chl-a；（F）溶解无机氮；（G）磷酸盐；（H）氮磷比；连接线：中位数连接线
Fig. 2 Changes of water environmental parameters in Liuqing River Bay in spring, summer, autumn and winter of 2023(A) Temperature;(B)Salinity;(C)DO;(D)pH;(E)Chl-a;(F)Dissolved inorganic nitrogen;(G)Phosphate;(H)N/P ratio;Connection line : Median connection line
图 3 2023年流清河湾浮游植物平均丰度的季节变化
Fig. 3 Seasonal variation of average phytoplankton abundance in Liuqing River Bay in 2023
图 4 2023年流清河湾浮游植物丰度的空间分布变化(a)、(b)、(c)、(d)分别表示春季、夏季、秋季和冬季流清河湾浮游植物丰度的空间分布图；白点表示站位
Fig. 4 Spatial distribution of phytoplankton abundance in Liuqing River Bay in 2023 ( a ), ( b ), ( c ) and ( d ) represent the spatial distribution of phytoplankton abundance in Liuqing River Bay in spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively;White dots represent the station position
图 5 2023年春夏秋冬四个季节优势种的相对丰度物种名称右上角标注a代表硅藻，b代表甲藻
Fig. 5 The relative abundance of dominant species in spring, summer, autumn and winter of 2023 In the upper right corner of the species name, a represents Bacillariophyta and b represents Dinophyta
图 6 （a）2023年流清河湾浮游植物多样性指数（H'）的季节变化；（b）2023年流清河湾浮游植物均匀度指数（J）的季节变化；连接线：中位数连接线
Fig. 6 (a)Seasonal variation of phytoplankton diversity index(H')in Liuqing River Bay in 2023 ;(b)Seasonal variation of phytoplankton evenness index(J)in Liuqing River Bay in 2023；Connection line : Median connection line
图 7 流清河湾主要优势种丰度和浮游植物的总碳生物量与环境因子之间的RDA排序图
(a)、(b)、(c)、(d)分别表示春季、夏季、秋季和冬季流清河湾主要优势种丰度和浮游植物的总碳生物量与环境因子之间的RDA排序图；A：奇异棍形藻；B：弯顶角藻；C：中心圆筛藻；D：大角角藻；E：三角角藻；F：总碳生物量；G：并基角毛藻；H：窄隙角毛藻；I：旋链角毛藻；J：扁面角毛藻；K：格氏圆筛藻；L：冕孢角毛藻；M：拟旋链角毛藻；N：蛇目圆筛藻；O:夜光藻；DIN：溶解无机氮；DIP：溶解无机磷；DO：溶解氧
Fig. 7 The RDA ordination diagram between the abundance of main dominant species and the total carbon biomass of phytoplankton and environmental factors in Liuqing River Bay
(a)、(b)、(c)、(d)represent the RDA ordination diagram between the abundance of the main dominant species and the total carbon biomass of phytoplankton and environmental factors in Liuqing River Bay in spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively;A:Rodularia bizarre;B:Chaetoceros curvatus;C:Coscinodiscus centralis;D:Chaetoceros gracilis;E:Chaetoceros triangularis;F:total carbon biomass;G:Chaetoceros concolor;H:Chaetoceros constricta;I:Chaetoceros curvisetus;J:Chaetoceros oblate;K:Coscinodiscus gracilis;L:Cladophora coronaria;M:Chaetoceros pseudospiralis;N:Cylindrotheca serrata;O:Noctiluca scintillans;DIN:Dissolved inorganic nitrogen;DIP:Dissolved inorganic phosphorus;DO:Dissolved oxygen
表 1 流清河湾各季节的水环境参数
Tab. 1 Water environment parameters of Liuqing River Bay in each season
环境因子
Environmental Factors范围和平均值
Range and Mean春季
Spring夏季
Sunmmer秋季
Autumn冬季
Winter温度
Temperature/(℃)范围 Range 12.90−13.80 23.50−24.60 22.80−22.90 5.60−5.80 平均值±标准差
Mean±SD13.37±0.36b 24.07±0.39d 22.87±0.05c 5.71±0.07a 盐度
Salinity范围 Range 31.13−31.19 31.08−31.14 31.67−31.68 31.00−31.12 平均值±标准差
Mean±SD31.17±0.02b 31.11±0.02a 31.677±0.005c 31.09±0.04a 溶解氧
DO/(mg/L)范围 Range 7.62−7.98 8.17−8.53 7.27−7.78 8.00−8.20 平均值±标准差
Mean±SD7.84±0.14b 8.34±0.13d 7.40±0.18a 8.14±0.06c pH 范围 Range 8.20−8.22 8.14−8.16 8.05−8.06 8.19−8.21 平均值±标准差
Mean±SD8.21±0.01d 8.15±0.01b 8.05±0.01a 8.20±0.01c Chl-a
Chlorophyll a/(µg/L)范围 Range 1.40−1.57 1.61−3.64 0.55−1.23 1.84−2.09 平均值±标准差
Mean±SD1.47±0.07b 2.06±0.71c 0.80±0.30a 1.92±0.09c 溶解无机氮
Dissolved inorganic nitrogen/(µg/L)范围 Range 36.29−90.29 79.24−131.63 194.73−222.57 171.84−183.22 平均值±标准差
Mean±SD65.58±26.27a 105.23±20.39b 207.93±10.04d 176.42±4.65c 磷酸盐
Phosphate/(µg/L)范围 Range 2.19−4.92 7.66−14.50 12.17−18.94 11.40−15.57 平均值±标准差
Mean±SD3.36±0.94a 11.17±2.35b 15.85±2.92c 13.19±1.51b 氮磷比
N/P ratio范围 Range 10.22−38.73 6.31−11.19 10.77−18.29 11.11−15.96 平均值±标准差
Mean±SD20.56±9.80b 9.60±1.69a 13.58±3.00a 13.53±1.66a 注：同行中标有不同字母者表示有显著性差异（P<0.05），标有相同字母者表示无显著性差异（P>0.05） Note：Peers with different letters indicate significant differences (P<0.05), marked with the same letter indicates no significant difference (P>0.05) 
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表 2 2023年流清河湾浮游植物群落组成
Tab. 2 Phytoplankton community composition in Liuqing River Bay in 2023
季节
Seasons春季
Spring夏季
Summer秋季
Autumn冬季
Winter因素
Factors物种数
Species number占比
Proportion物种数
Species number占比
Proportion物种数
Species number占比
Proportion物种数
Species number占比
Proportion硅藻门
Bacillariophyta26 78.8% 48 84.2% 40 87.0% 32 80.0% 甲藻门
Pyrrophyta6 18.2% 8 14.0% 6 13.0% 7 17.5% 金藻门
Chrysophyta1 3.0% 1 1.8% 0 0 1 2.5% 物种总数
Total species33 57 46 40
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表 3 2023年流清河湾浮游植物群落中优势种的丰度、出现频率和优势度指数
Tab. 3 Abundance, frequency and dominance index of dominant species in phytoplankton community in Liuqing River Bay in 2023
时间
Time优势种
Dominant species丰度（×106）/（cells/L）
Abundance出现频率/%
Frequency优势度指数
Dominence index春季
Spring奇异棍形藻a Bacillaria paradoxa 0.125 100 0.42 蛇目圆筛藻a Coscinodiscus argus 0.011 100 0.03 中心圆筛藻a Coscinodiscus centralis 0.016 100 0.05 琼氏圆筛藻a Coscinodiscus jonesianus 0.012 100 0.03 圆筛藻a Coscinodiscus spp. 0.009 85.7 0.02 翼根管藻印度变型a Rhizosolenia alata f. indica 0.012 100 0.03 弯顶角藻b Ceratium longipes 0.040 100 0.12 大角角藻b Ceratium macroceros 0.016 85.7 0.05 三角角藻b Ceratium tripos 0.013 85.7 0.04 夏季
Summer奇异棍形藻a Bacillaria paradoxa 0.070 100 0.02 窄隙角毛藻a Chaetoceros affinis var. affinis 0.374 100 0.11 扁面角毛藻a Chaetoceros comperssus 0.141 100 0.06 并基角毛藻a Chaetoceros decipiens f. decipiens 1.159 100 0.34 罗氏角毛藻a Chaetoceros lauderi 0.098 100 0.03 旋链角毛藻a Chaetoceros curvisetus 0.158 100 0.06 星脐圆筛藻a Coscinodiscus asteromphalus var. asteromphalus 0.092 100 0.03 夏季
Summer细弱圆筛藻a Coscinodiscus subtilis var. subtilis 0.106 100 0.03 布氏双尾藻a Ditylum brightwellii 0.076 100 0.02 具槽直链藻a Melosira sulcata var. sulcata 0.106 85.7 0.03 大角角藻b Ceratium macroceros 0.139 100 0.05 三角角藻b Ceratium tripos 0.109 100 0.03 秋季
Autumn奇异棍形藻a Bacillaria paradoxa 0.422 100 0.13 角毛藻属a Chaetoceros spp. 0.082 100 0.02 旋链角毛藻a Chaetoceros curvisetus 0.172 85.7 0.04 并基角毛藻a Chaetoceros decipiens f. decipiens 0.320 100 0.10 冕孢角毛藻a Chaetoceros diadema 0.238 100 0.09 拟旋链角毛藻a Chaetoceros pseudocurvisetus 0.191 100 0.06 圆柱角毛藻a Chaetoceros teres 0.156 71.4 0.04 星脐圆筛藻a Coscinodiscus asteromphalus var. asteromphalus 0.071 100 0.02 格氏圆筛藻a Coscinodiscus granii 0.769 100 0.23 塔形冠盖藻a Stephanopyxis turris var. turris 0.104 85.7 0.03 纺锤角藻b Ceratium fusus 0.075 100 0.02 冬季
Winter格氏圆筛藻a Coscinodiscus granii 0.004 100 0.11 蛇目圆筛藻a Coscinodiscus argus 0.001 100 0.02 奇异棍形藻a Bacillaria paradoxa 0.009 100 0.28 大角角藻b Ceratium macroceros 0.001 100 0.03 夜光藻b Noctiluca scintillans 0.014 100 0.42 注：物种名称右上角标注a代表硅藻，b代表甲藻 Note: In the upper right corner of the species name, a represents Bacillariophyta and b represents Dinophyta
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表 4 流清河湾浮游植物群落的多样性指数（H'）和均匀度指数（J）的季节变化
Tab. 4 Seasonal variation of diversity index(H')and evenness index(J)of phytoplankton community in Liuqing River Bay
时间
Time多样性指数
Shannon-Wiener diversity idex H'均匀度指数
Pielou’s evenness index J最大值
Maximum最小值
Minimum平均值±标准差
Mean±SD最大值
Maximum最小值
Minimum平均值±标准差
Mean±SD春季
Spring3.68 2.71 3.15 0.84 0.62 0.74 夏季
Summer3.99 3.36 3.70 0.77 0.66 0.71 秋季
Autumn3.94 3.35 3.66 0.80 0.75 0.78 冬季
Winter3.08 2.09 2.40 0.69 0.48 0.55
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