Physical and optical properties of the first-year ice in the Amundsen Gulf of the Arctic
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摘要: 利用加拿大环极冰间水道系统研究项目，作者对2007年11月24日至2008年1月26日北极群岛阿蒙森湾海域秋冬季节一年冰的物理和光学性质进行了观测研究。结果显示，观测期间的海冰厚度整体在27～108 cm范围内变化，积雪厚度仅为0～6 cm。海冰温度、盐度和密度在冰内的分布特征为：海冰表层最低温度为–22.4℃，底层最高温度为–2.2℃，冰内温度随深度单调增大；盐度变化范围为3.30～11.70，冰内盐度剖面呈现“C”形，即表层和底层盐度较大，而中间层盐度较小；海冰的平均密度略大，为（0.91±0.03）g/cm3。通过观测人造光源在海冰中的透射辐射谱分布，发现一年冰的光谱透射辐射在490 nm和589 nm处呈明显的双峰结构，但随着海冰厚度的增加，双峰结构逐渐减弱，体现了海冰对于不同谱段辐射能衰减作用的差异。在可见光范围内，裸冰和雪覆冰的吸收率最小值出现在490 nm，在443～490 nm范围内二者的吸收率随波长增大而降低，在490～683 nm范围内二者的吸收率随波长增大而升高，但雪覆冰的吸收率在可见光范围内基本保持不变，体现了雪覆冰吸收率的光谱独立性。一年冰的谱衰减系数随波长呈“U”字形分布，紫光和红光谱段的衰减系数较大，中间谱段的衰减系数较小，589 nm波长的衰减系数最小，为1.7 m–1。将谱衰减系数在可见光范围内积分，得到一年冰的积分漫射衰减系数约为2.3 m–1，略高于多年浮冰的漫射衰减系数1.5 m–1。阿蒙森湾一年冰与加拿大海盆北部多年浮冰辐射光学性质的差异，主要源于陆源物质输入引起的海冰内含物组分的改变，而不同组分对光谱的吸收和散射性质不同，进一步导致了光学性质的整体变化。Abstract: In the Canadian Circumpolar Flaw Lead System Study, the physical and optical properties of first-year ice during the freezing season were observed at the Amundsen Gulf from November 24th, 2007 to January 26th, 2008. The results show that the thickness of sea ice during this period ranged from 27 cm to 108 cm, while the snow depth varied between 0 cm and 6 cm. The changes of temperature, salinity and density in the interior of sea ice are respectively: temperature within the sea ice rose monotonically along with the increasing of depth, reaching a maximum of −2.2℃ at the surface and a minimum of −22.4℃ at the bottom; the salinity ranged from 3.30 to 11.70 with a C-shaped pattern in its vertical section, which means that the salinity of upper surface and bottom layer is larger than that in the middle part; the average density of the sea ice was slightly larger, which is (0.91±0.03) g/cm3. With the special designing of artificial light source and in-situ instrumentation, an obvious two-peek structure at 490 nm and 589 nm was found in the spectral distribution of the transmitted radiation through the first-year ice. The two-peak structure weakens as the thickness of sea ice increases, indicating the spectrum dependence of the attenuation. In the visible band, the spectral absorbance of both bare ice and snow-covered ice reaches its minimum at 490 nm, and rises as the wavelength moves towards 443 nm or 683 nm. However, for snow-covered ice, the variation of absorption rate is little enough to present a spectral independence. In addition, the spectral distribution of the attenuation coefficient was U-shaped in the visible band, with a minimum of 1.7 m−1 at 589 nm. The integral diffuse attenuation coefficient of the first-year ice in visible band was about 2.3 m−1, which was slightly higher than 1.5 m−1, the diffuse attenuation coefficient of multi-year floe ice. The difference of the optical properties between first-year ice in the Amundsen Gulf and multi-year ice in the north of Canada Basin is mainly attributed to various components of the sea ice inclusions caused by the input of terrestrial materials with different absorption and scattering properties.
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Key words:
- Arctic /
- first-year ice /
- physical properties /
- optical properties /
- attenuation coefficient
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图 1 研究区域和观测站点在北极阿蒙森湾的分布
红色圆点为观测站位，b图中红色曲线表示麦肯锡河流经区域，绿色箭头曲线代表太平洋水进入北冰洋的3条分支之一——阿拉斯加沿岸流，紫色和蓝色箭头曲线代表另外两条分支
Fig. 1 Study area and stations in the Amundsen Gulf of the Arctic
The red dots are observing sites, the red curve in b is the Mackenzie River and the green arrow represents one of the three branches of Pacific inflow—Alaska Coastal Current as the purple and blue arrows represent the another two branches
图 2 基于人造光源的海冰透射辐射现场观测示意图
Fig. 2 Sketch of the transmitted radiation measurement through sea ice with the artificial lamp
图 3 观测站位典型冰层温度、盐度和密度剖面
各图表示的站位分别为：a. 013；b. 015；c. 030；d. 037；e. 040；f. 042
Fig. 3 Profiles of ice temperature, salinity and density at the typical stations
a. Station 013; b. station 015; c. station 030; d. station 037; e. station 040; f. station 042
图 4 典型观测站位的海冰平均温度，平均盐度，平均密度和相应的标准差
Fig. 4 Average temperature，salinity, density and standard deviation of the sea ice at the typical stations
图 5 裸冰条件下(a)与雪覆冰条件下(b)入射与透射辐射谱分布
Fig. 5 Incident and transmitted radiation spectra of the bare ice (a) and snow-covered ice (b)
图 6 观测站位在裸冰条件下(a)和雪覆冰条件下(b)吸收率的谱分布
Fig. 6 Spectral distribution of absorptance of the bare ice (a) and snow-covered ice (b)
图 7 裸冰(实线)和雪覆冰(虚线)条件下积分吸收率随海冰厚度的变化
Fig. 7 Variations of the integral absorptance with thickness of the bare ice (solid line) and snow-covered ice (dashed line)
图 8 不同类型海冰的衰减系数谱分布
a. 多年冰表面粒状层[12]；b. 一年冰；c. 多年冰内部[12]；d. 2011年夏季融化冰[21]；e. 2010年夏季融化冰[21]
Fig. 8 Spectral attenuation coefficients for various types of ice
a. Surface granular layer of multi-year white ice[12]; b. first-year ice in present study; c. interior of of multi-year white ice[12]; d. melting ice in July 2011[21]; e. melting ice in June 2010[21]
图 9 透射辐射随海冰厚度的变化
圆点为观测值，实线是根据公式(5)给出的拟合结果
Fig. 9 Variations of the transmitted radiation with thickness of the bare ice
Dots represent the observation values in the field and solid curve is the exponential fitting with the dots
表 1 北极阿蒙森湾海冰光学观测站位信息
Tab. 1 Summary of the observation stations and major properties of the sea ice and snow in the Amundsen Gulf of the Arctic
序号 站名 观测日期 位置 冰厚/cm 雪厚/cm 气温/℃ 1 011 2007年11月24日 73°45.744'N, 126°50.004'W 27 1 –19.2 2 013 2007年11月28日 70°25.925'N, 126°28.127'W 52 5 –15.9 3 014 2007年11月29日 71°08.877'N, 123°55.631'W 55 5 –17.6 4 015 2007年11月29日 71°08.877'N, 123°55.631'W 69 5 –22.4 5 021 2007年12月4日 71°25.030'N, 124°55.419'W 27 0 –20.6 6 022 2007年12月5日 71°18.690'N, 124°46.580'W 42 1 –16.5 7 023 2007年12月5日 71°18.690'N, 124°46.580'W 39 2 –16.5 8 024 2007年12月5日 71°18.690'N, 124°46.580'W 44 2 –16.5 9 029 2007年12月10日 71°15.952'N, 125°15.543'W 77 2 –21.7 10 030 2007年12月10日 71°15.952'N, 125°15.543'W 75 2 –21.7 11 032 2007年12月14日 71°25.715'N, 125°53.402'W 80 2 –18.9 12 033 2007年12月14日 71°25.715'N, 125°53.402'W 82 4 –18.9 13 034 2007年12月15日 71°25.715'N, 125°53.402'W 84 3 –21.7 14 035 2007年12月17日 71°47.689'N, 125°52.848'W 53 6 –19.6 15 036 2007年12月17日 71°47.689'N, 125°52.848'W 58 6 –19.6 16 037 2007年12月25日 71°16.22'N, 124°25.29'W 29 1 –21.0 17 038 2007年12月26日 71°13.003'N, 124°26.511'W 83 1 –21.0 18 039 2007年12月29日 71°22.8'N, 125°04.1'W 70 2 –17.6 19 040 2008年1月1日 70°58.812'N, 123°29.413W 98 3 –24.9 20 041 2008年1月3日 71°14.395'N, 124°29.437'W 106 3 –23.3 21 042 2008年1月7日 71°31.9'N, 125°34.8'W 108 2.5 –24.9 22 044 2008年1月15日 71°30.5'N, 124°55.3'W 45 2 –26.1 23 045 2008年1月16日 71°30.6'N, 124°55.5'W 70 1 –25.8 24 047 2008年1月17日 71°31.8'N, 124°58.7'W 94 1.5 –24.7 25 048 2008年1月17日 71°31.8'N, 124°58.7'W 94 4.5 –24.7 26 049 2008年1月18日 71°32.8'N, 125°00.6'W 70 3.5 –24.6 27 051 2008年1月19日 71°32.9'N, 124°59.9'W 98 1 –25.4 28 052 2008年1月19日 71°32.9'N, 124°59.9'W 108 4 –25.4 29 053 2008年1月20日 71°35.2'N, 125°07.3'W 55 3 –14.8 30 054 2008年1月22日 71°36.2'N, 125°09.4'W 56 4 –12.7 31 057 2008年1月26日 71°07.4'N, 124°57.5'W 93 3.5 –29.1 32 058 2008年1月26日 71°07.4'N, 124°57.5'W 93 3 –29.1 
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